Experimental protocol flow chart.

<p>Experimental protocol flow chart.</p

T2-weighted coronal images of 17 different rodent brains acquired 24 hours post induction of status epilepticus reveal injury within regions of the limbic circuitry.

<p>Hyperintense regions signify areas of injury. <b>A</b>: Schematic of affected structures adapted from [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0080606#B44" target="_blank">44</a>]. Structures most affected were the CA3 hippocampal subfield, ventral subiculum, piriform cortex (P), entorhinal cortex (ENT), amygdalar nuclei (AMYG), middle thalamic nuclei (MT), and laterodorsal/lateroposterior thalamic nuclei (LT). <b>B</b>-<b>R</b>: MR images of injury induced post-SE. Electrode implantation is on the left side of each image.</p

Verbal Memory in Parkinson’s disease (PD) and Non-Parkinson’s disease (Non-PD) Raw Mean, Standard Deviation, and Minimum/Maximum scores.

<p>^aP(r)VLT PD sample = 39 due to test exclusion from administration error; all other n = 40 per group.</p><p>*Medium effect size</p><p>**Large effect size.</p><p>LDFR = long delay free recall; R. Discr. = recognition discriminability. Analyses shown in raw form, uncorrected for processing speed or working memory as covariates.</p><p>Verbal Memory in Parkinson’s disease (PD) and Non-Parkinson’s disease (Non-PD) Raw Mean, Standard Deviation, and Minimum/Maximum scores.</p

Damage to the ventral subiculum was seen in 6/17 rats 24 hours post status epilepticus.

<p>Affected (left column) is compared to unaffected hippocampi (right column). Injury in the ventral subiculum resulted in considerable <b>A-B</b>: myelin degradation, asterisks, and <b>C</b>-<b>D</b>: ongoing neuronal degeneration of the pyramidal cell layer, white arrows. <b>E</b>-<b>H</b>: Cresyl violet staining reveals significant cell layer degradation, asterisks. <b>E</b>,<b>F</b>: activated microglia, black arrows, were also seen in the ventral subiculum while <b>G</b>-<b>H</b>: total activated astrocytes were minimal, black arrows. BG = Black-gold II; FJC/DAPI = Flouro-jade C with 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole nuclear counterstain; GFAP = Glial fibrillary acidic protein, CD68 = Cluster of Differentiation 68; CV = Cresyl violet. Scale bar is 50µm.</p

High-resolution T1-weighted images of Gd-albumin infusions into the dorsal hippocampus of 17 different rodent brains 24 hours post status epilepticus.

<p><b>A</b>: Schematic of key structures in the dorsal hippocampus adapted from [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0080606#B44" target="_blank">44</a>]. <b>B</b>-<b>R</b>: MR images of contrast agent distributions in the dorsal hippocampus. Hyperintense regions are voxels containing Gd-albumin. Distribution patterns contour along hippocampal circuitry with minimal backflow or exposure to extra-hippocampal regions. CC = Corpus callusom; CA1 = CA1 pyramidal cell layer; hf=hippocampal fissure; DGC = Dentate granule cell layer; CA3 = CA3 pyramidal cell layer.</p

Parkinson’s Disease (PD) and Non-PD “Control” Demographics, General Cognition, and Disease Metrics.

<p>DRS-2 = Dementia Rating Scale – 2^nd Version total raw score (max = 144); WTAR = Wechsler Test of Adult Reading raw score; UPDRS Part 3 = United Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale Part 3 (Motor) score; Disease duration (yrs) = years of disease duration per self-report/medical records; l-Dopa Equiv. Score = Levodopa Equivalent Score (total daily levodopa dosage intake in milligrams). One control was on levodopa for restless leg syndrome.</p><p>Parkinson’s Disease (PD) and Non-PD “Control” Demographics, General Cognition, and Disease Metrics.</p

Images representative of entorhinal volumetric and fiber tracking results.

<p>Image demonstrating left entorhinal (in red on top panel) and ERC-RSC fibers (temporal cingulum) with entorhinal cortex and retrosplenial region ROIs in orange (bottom panel).</p

Control-based z scores of temporal and frontal-subcortical regions for PD-Well and PD-MI.

<p>*Denotes group difference p<0.05. ERC/TICV = Left entorhinal volume/TICV, Temporal FA = Mean fractional anisotropy of the white matter of the left temporal lobe, Temporal Cingulum EW = Edge weight connectivity of the left temporal cingulum, Frontal thickness = Total mean frontal cortex thickness, Prefrontal FA = Total mean fractional anisotropy of frontal white matter anterior to the rostrum of the corpus callosum, Caudate/TICV = total caudate/TICV, Putamen/TICV = total putamen/TICV, Thalamus/TICV = total thalamus/TICV.</p

Verbal Memory in Parkinson’s disease (PD) and Non-Parkinson’s disease (Non-PD) Raw Mean, Standard Deviation, and Minimum/Maximum scores.

<p>^aP(r)VLT PD sample = 39 due to test exclusion from administration error; all other n = 40 per group.</p><p>*Medium effect size</p><p>**Large effect size.</p><p>LDFR = long delay free recall; R. Discr. = recognition discriminability. Analyses shown in raw form, uncorrected for processing speed or working memory as covariates.</p><p>Verbal Memory in Parkinson’s disease (PD) and Non-Parkinson’s disease (Non-PD) Raw Mean, Standard Deviation, and Minimum/Maximum scores.</p

Slanted edge.

<p>(A) 3D edge sideways. (B) 3D edge at an angle to display the face where it connects to the node. Nodes are not shown to simplify the visualization. (C-D) Sketch of one of the portions that make up the fiber. (C) Shows that for every short fiber there are two of the long ones. (D) Shows a short side, which has a length of √3 and the longer one is 2√3. (D) Shows the triangular cross section of the fiber, yielding a higher number of longer fibers compared to the short ones.</p