Synergistic effects for the four different CBP/PD groups for specialist visits.

<p>^aModel II: adjusted for socio-demographics (sex, age, education, country of origin, place of residence, living with partner)</p><p>^bModel III: similar to model II with additional adjustment for chronic somatic diseases others than chronic pain of the vertebral column and psychological diseases, sum of chronic diseases, BMI, and recent smoking status</p><p>CBP: chronic back pain; PAF: population attributable fraction; PD: psychological distress; RERI: relative excess risk due to interaction; S: synergy index</p><p>Synergistic effects for the four different CBP/PD groups for specialist visits.</p

Synergistic effects for the four different CBP/PD groups for GP visits.

<p>^aModel II: adjusted for socio-demographics (sex, age, education, country of origin, place of residence, living with partner)</p><p>^bModel III: similar to model II with additional adjustment for each chronic somatic disease other than chronic pain of the vertebral column and psychological diseases surveyed, BMI, and recent smoking status</p><p>CBP: chronic back pain; GP: General Practitioner; PAF: population attributable fraction; PD: psychological distress; RERI: relative excess risk due to interaction; S: synergy index</p><p>Synergistic effects for the four different CBP/PD groups for GP visits.</p

Synergistic effects for the four different CBP/PD groups for GP visits.

<p>^aModel II: adjusted for socio-demographics (sex, age, education, country of origin, place of residence, living with partner)</p><p>^bModel III: similar to model II with additional adjustment for each chronic somatic disease other than chronic pain of the vertebral column and psychological diseases surveyed, BMI, and recent smoking status</p><p>CBP: chronic back pain; GP: General Practitioner; PAF: population attributable fraction; PD: psychological distress; RERI: relative excess risk due to interaction; S: synergy index</p><p>Synergistic effects for the four different CBP/PD groups for GP visits.</p

Association between social capital and the chance of having been on sick leave due to pain in currently employed subjects who were suffering from severe pain within the last 12 months, results of a logistic regression model.

<p>Association between social capital and the chance of having been on sick leave due to pain in currently employed subjects who were suffering from severe pain within the last 12 months, results of a logistic regression model.</p

Association between social capital and prevalence of severe pain within the last 12 months, results of a logistic regression model.

<p>Association between social capital and prevalence of severe pain within the last 12 months, results of a logistic regression model.</p

Intensity of pain (mean values on a 10-step VAS) in subjects suffering from severe pain within the last 7 days by social capital.

<p>Intensity of pain (mean values on a 10-step VAS) in subjects suffering from severe pain within the last 7 days by social capital.</p

Change in inflammatory parameters in prefrail and frail persons obtaining physical training and nutritional support provided by lay volunteers: A randomized controlled trial

<div><p>The aim of the study was to compare the effects of home visits with physical training and nutritional support on inflammatory parameters to home visits with social support alone within a randomized controlled trial. Prefrail and frail persons received home visits from lay volunteers twice a week for 12 weeks. Participants in the physical training and nutritional intervention group (PTN, n = 35) conducted two sets of six strength exercises and received nutritional support. The social support group (SoSu, n = 23) received visits only. TNF-α, IL-6, CRP, and total leukocyte count were assessed at baseline and after 12 weeks. Changes over time within groups were analyzed with paired t-tests; differences between groups were analyzed with ANCOVA for repeated measurements. In the PTN group, IL-6 and CRP remained stable, whereas in the SoSu group, IL-6 increased significantly from a median value of 2.6 pg/l (min–max = 2.0–10.2) to 3.0 pg/l (min–max = 2.0–20.8), and CRP rose from 0.2 mg/dl (min–max = 0.1–0.9) to 0.3 mg/dl (min–max = 0.1–3.0) after 12 weeks. In CRP, a significant difference between groups was found. TNF-α and total leukocyte count did not change in either the PTN group or the SoSu group. Persons showing an increase in physical performance (OR 4.54; 95% CI = 1.33–15.45) were more likely to have constant or decreased IL-6 values than persons who showed no improvement. In conclusion, in non-robust older adults, a physical training and nutritional support program provided by lay volunteers can delay a further increase in some inflammatory parameters.</p></div

Association between baseline values of inflammatory parameters and baseline values of body composition parameters, handgrip strength, and physical performance.

<p>Association between baseline values of inflammatory parameters and baseline values of body composition parameters, handgrip strength, and physical performance.</p

Baseline characteristics of the study sample.

<p>Baseline characteristics of the study sample.</p

Participant flow.

<p>Participant flow.</p