Reflektii: A Teacher Reflection Tool

The use of teacher reflection is a key tool in further developing teacher practice for beginning or experienced teachers. Current technology supports student reflection through the use of video annotation. One of the advantages of such tools is the ability to capture a real teaching event that can be analyzed and reflected upon at a later date repeatedly by the teacher, peers, and supervisors. Only a number of mature video annotation products exists as either stand-alone applications or web based systems. The Reflektii environment allows students to view their teaching and record a video of their reflection or to simply reflect about their teaching and solicit support or feedback from peers

Patient demographic and clinical data.

<p>Patient demographic and clinical data.</p

Descriptive statistics.

<p>Head movement, eye movement, and gait parameters. Mean values for group are given with standard deviations.</p><p>Descriptive statistics.</p

Head Movements.

<p>Total head movements (in the yaw, pitch, and roll planes) averaged over time (mean angular velocities) for susceptibles (red) and controls (blue). Vertical bars denote the confidence intervals for the means during locomotion over a distance of 13.5 m on the emergency escape balcony. Depicted are all four trials: Walk 1 out and back and Walk 2 out and back. Susceptibles perform significantly fewer head movements as a group (p = .002). A comparison of the two conditions walking out and back revealed fewer head movements when walking out (p = .001).</p

Correlation results.

<p>Correlations of determined parameters with subjective fear of the susceptibles. Pearson’s r and p-values are given; significant results are marked in bold (p<0.05).</p><p>Correlation results.</p

Experimental setup.

<p>Subject walks on the grid floor of an escape balcony until he/she reaches the target (a support beam of the balcony), then turns and walks back. Subject wears mobile eye-tracking goggles with a head-fixed scene camera, and 6-degrees-of-freedom inertial sensors.</p

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Objective<p>Vestibular signals are involved in higher cortical functions like spatial orientation and its disorders. Vestibular dysfunction contributes, for example, to spatial neglect which can be transiently improved by caloric stimulation. The exact roles and mechanisms of the vestibular and visual systems for the recovery of neglect are not yet known.</p>Methods<p>Resting-state functional connectivity (fc) magnetic resonance imaging was recorded in a patient with hemispatial neglect during the acute phase and after recovery 6 months later following a right middle cerebral artery infarction before and after caloric vestibular stimulation. Seeds in the vestibular [parietal operculum (OP2)], the parietal [posterior parietal cortex (PPC); 7A, hIP3], and the visual cortex (VC) were used for the analysis.</p>Results<p>During the acute stage after caloric stimulation the fc of the right OP2 to the left OP2, the anterior cingulum, and the para/hippocampus was increased bilaterally (i.e., the vestibular network), while the interhemispheric fc was reduced between homologous regions in the VC. After 6 months, similar fc increases in the vestibular network were found without stimulation. In addition, fc increases of the OP2 to the PPC and the VC were seen; interhemispherically this was true for both PPCs and for the right PPC to both VCs.</p>Conclusion<p>Improvement of neglect after caloric stimulation in the acute phase was associated with increased fc of vestibular cortex areas in both hemispheres to the para-hippocampus and the dorsal anterior cingulum, but simultaneously with reduced interhemispheric VC connectivity. This disclosed a, to some extent, similar but also distinct short-term mechanism (vestibular stimulation) of an improvement of spatial orientation compared to the long-term recovery of neglect.</p

Gaze in Space.

<p>Fixations of environmental structures with combined eye and head movements, during locomotion, for controls (left) and susceptibles (right). The number of subjects (coded by color) fixating identical targets within an area extending horizontally 160°, vertically 100° of the body-centered surroundings (0° ordinate = horizon, 0° abscissa = straight ahead) is depicted. Data are shown in Mollweide equal area projection. A shows data for Walk 1 Out, B shows cumulative data for all four walks, with mirrored horizontal coordinates for the walks back. Explored areas of the controls tend to cover the entire surround towards the open side of the balcony (depth). Susceptibles direct their gaze less to the open side than controls, and more directly ahead to the goal, the floor, and the handrail.</p

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Objective<p>Vestibular signals are involved in higher cortical functions like spatial orientation and its disorders. Vestibular dysfunction contributes, for example, to spatial neglect which can be transiently improved by caloric stimulation. The exact roles and mechanisms of the vestibular and visual systems for the recovery of neglect are not yet known.</p>Methods<p>Resting-state functional connectivity (fc) magnetic resonance imaging was recorded in a patient with hemispatial neglect during the acute phase and after recovery 6 months later following a right middle cerebral artery infarction before and after caloric vestibular stimulation. Seeds in the vestibular [parietal operculum (OP2)], the parietal [posterior parietal cortex (PPC); 7A, hIP3], and the visual cortex (VC) were used for the analysis.</p>Results<p>During the acute stage after caloric stimulation the fc of the right OP2 to the left OP2, the anterior cingulum, and the para/hippocampus was increased bilaterally (i.e., the vestibular network), while the interhemispheric fc was reduced between homologous regions in the VC. After 6 months, similar fc increases in the vestibular network were found without stimulation. In addition, fc increases of the OP2 to the PPC and the VC were seen; interhemispherically this was true for both PPCs and for the right PPC to both VCs.</p>Conclusion<p>Improvement of neglect after caloric stimulation in the acute phase was associated with increased fc of vestibular cortex areas in both hemispheres to the para-hippocampus and the dorsal anterior cingulum, but simultaneously with reduced interhemispheric VC connectivity. This disclosed a, to some extent, similar but also distinct short-term mechanism (vestibular stimulation) of an improvement of spatial orientation compared to the long-term recovery of neglect.</p

Head velocity histograms.

<p>Histograms of head movement velocities in yaw and pitch for all walks in controls (A) and susceptibles (B). Yaw plane is mirrored for the walks back. Colors show the normalized frequencies of pairs of yaw and pitch velocities. A comparison is depicted in C, hot colors indicate that susceptibles exhibit more corresponding head velocities than controls; cold colors, that controls exhibit more corresponding velocities than susceptibles. The difference plot reveals that susceptibles exhibit less fast head velocities.</p