Analysis of genetic heterogeneity in the HCAR adenovirus-binding Ig1 domain in a Caucasian Flemish population

BACKGROUND: Polymorphisms in the gene that encodes the human cellular receptor for group B coxsackieviruses and adenoviruses (HCAR) could be responsible for differences in susceptibility to infections with these pathogens. Moreover, adenovirus subgroup C-mediated gene therapy could be influenced by mutations in the coding exons for the aminoterminal immunoglobulin-like 1 (Ig1) domain, which is the essential component for adenovirus fiber knob binding. RESULTS: Using two primersets in the adjacent intron sequences, HCAR exons 2 and 3, which comprise the full-length Ig1 domain, were amplified by polymerase chain reactions in 108 unselected and unrelated healthy Belgian volunteers. After nucleotide sequencing, no polymorphisms could be demonstrated in the adenovirus-binding Ig1 exons 2 and 3 of the HCAR gene. CONCLUSIONS: The adenovirus-binding Ig1 domain seems to be a highly conserved region in the Caucasian population which is a reassuring finding regarding adenovector-based gene therapy

Pulsotypes and STs of multi drug resistant and/or ESBL producing isolates.

<p>ESBL singletons: ESBL strains with a pulsotype of which no similar type has been demonstrated among the other typed isolates.</p><p>ST  =  sequence type, CC  =  clonal complex, n  =  amount.</p

Antimicrobial resistance among (%) <i>E. coli</i> isolates.

<p>NL  =  the Netherlands, B  =  Belgium and G  =  Germany, -  =  not significant.</p

Antibiotic resistance and suitability of antibiotics for empiric treatment.

<p>Antibiotic resistance for the different antibiotics among the three groups of isolates compared with a 10% resistance cutoff to decide whether an antibiotic agent is suitable for empiric treatment. AMC  =  amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, TZP  =  piperacillin-tazobactam, CXM  =  cefuroxime, CAZ  =  ceftazidime, FIX  =  cefixime, TIB  =  ceftibuten, CIP  =  ciprofloxacin, NIT  =  nitrofurantoin, SXT  =  trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and GEN  =  gentamicin.</p