The Missionary Call

...every missionary sorely needs the sustaining power of a supreme conviction that he is called of God to the work in which he is engaged. The call of Moses was more sublime than that of Elisha, but not more real. It matters not how God may speak to those whom he would make his messengers, but the messenger ought to be sure that he is sent of God, and that,he goes forth authorized to speak for Jehovah.https://place.asburyseminary.edu/ecommonsatsdigitalresources/1176/thumbnail.jp

Immune Tolerance to Self-Major Histocompatability Complex Class II Antigens after Bone Marrow Transplantation: Role of Regulatory T Cells

AbstractThe immune system undergoes rapid reconstitution after autologous or syngeneic bone marrow transplantation with the re-establishment of tolerance to self-antigens. Administration of drugs such as cyclosporine that inhibit thymic-dependent clonal deletion disrupts the reconstitution of the immune system. In the absence of a peripheral regulatory T cells eliminated by the preparative regimen, systemic autoimmunity with pathology similar to graft-versus-host disease often develops. Moreover, the resolution of autoaggression is dependent on the reconstitution of CD4+ regulatory T cells. This study examined the specificity and function of this regulatory population assessed ex vivo that plays a critical role in down-regulating the autoreactive T lymphocyte response in cyclosporine-induced syngeneic graft-versus-host disease. The results suggest that both the antigen-specific regulatory and pathogenic effector T cells recognize a common peptide antigen framework (CLIP, a peptide derived from the invariant chain) presented by major histocompatibility complex class II molecules. Analysis of the CD4+ T-cell compartment revealed two subsets of CLIP-reactive T cells that differentially require the N- and C-terminal flanking domain of this peptide. Regulatory function is associated with the cells that require the C-terminal flanking domain. This population expresses the Foxp3 nuclear transcription factor and plays a critical role in re-establishing tolerance to self-major histocompatibility complex class II antigens. In addition to suppressing the production of type 1 cytokines, these regulatory Tcells can direct the apoptotic death of the pathogenic autoreactive lymphocytes. This study also suggests that the development of functional regulatory activity is an active response initiated by the presence of autoreactive lymphocytes that can present the target antigen (major histocompatibility complex class II CLIP) to the regulatory T cells. Moreover, this process can be mimicked by peptide antigen in the absence of the pathogenic effector lymphocytes leading to the development of functional regulatory T-cell activity

What are children's trusts? Early findings from a national survey

<i>Background:</i> The Children Act 2004 and National Service Framework for Children, Young People and Maternity Services require fuller integration of health, education and social services for children and young people in England and Wales. The UK government supported the establishment of 35 experimental children's trust pathfinders (henceforth called children's trusts) in England. <i>Methods:</i> A questionnaire was completed by managers in all 35 children's trusts a year after their start. Children's trust documents were examined. Census and performance indicators were compared between children's trust areas and the rest of England. <i>Results</i> Children's trust areas had demographic and social characteristics typical of England. All children's trusts aimed to improve health, education and social services by greater managerial and service integration. All had boards representing the three sectors; other agencies’ representation varied. Two-thirds of children's trusts had moved towards pooling budgets in at least some service areas. At this stage in their development, some had prioritized joint procurement or provision of services, with formal managerial structures, while others favoured an informal strategic planning, co-ordination and information sharing approach. The commonest priorities for services development were for disabled children (16 children's trusts), followed by early intervention (11) and mental health services (8). <i>Conclusions:</i> The diverse strategies adopted by these 35 children's trusts during their first year is due to their own characteristics and to the way government strategy developed during this period. Whilst some prioritized organizational development, joint financing and commissioning, and information sharing, others laid more emphasis on mechanisms for bringing front-line professionals closer together. Their experiences are of value to others deciding how best to integrate children's services

Complexity of effector mechanisms in cyclosporine-induced syngeneic graft-versus-host disease

AbstractAdministration of the immunosuppressive drug cyclosporine after syngeneic or autologous bone marrow transplantation elicits a T-lymphocyte-dependent autoimmune syndrome similar to graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). The onset of this autoaggression syndrome, termed syngeneic GVHD, is associated with the development of a highly restricted repertoire of CD8+ autoreactive T cells that recognize a peptide from the invariant chain, termed CLIP, presented by major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules. Clonal analysis reveals 2 distinct subsets of autoreactive T cells defined by their activation requirement for either the N-terminal or the C-terminal flanking regions of CLIP and by their cytokine profile. The studies here reveal that the autoreactive T-cell clones requiring the N-terminal flanking region of CLIP produce type 1 cytokines (interferon [IFN]-gamma, interleukin [IL]-2, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha). In contrast, the autoreactive T-cell clones that require the C-terminal flanking region of CLIP produce type 2 cytokines (IL-4, IL-10, transforming growth factor-beta). As assessed in a local graft-versus-host reaction assay, the N-terminal flanking-restricted clones mediate changes consistent with acute GVHD, whereas the clones responsive to the C-terminal flanking region do not. Moreover, the autoreactive T-cell clones restricted by the C-terminal flanking region of CLIP ameliorate the pathogenic potential of the cells responsive to the N-terminal flanking region of CLIP. The mechanism accounting for this regulatory affect appears to be the downregulation of mRNA message for type 1 cytokines (IFN-gamma and IL-2). The C-terminal-restricted autoreactive T-cell clones, however, could manifest disease with dermal changes similar to those seen in chronic syngeneic GVHD, provided that IFN-gamma was present. Consistent with these observations was the demonstration that type 1 cytokines are preferentially detected during the acute phase of syngeneic GVHD, whereas type 2 cytokines dominate during the chronic phase. The results suggest that acute and chronic syngeneic GVHD is mediated by distinct autoreactive T cells, which are separated by their fine specificity for the CLIP-MHC class II complex and by their cytokine profiles.Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2000;6(2):13-24

Chronicles of Oklahoma

Article is a letter detailing the author's experiences at an archaeological dig site within Rice County, Kansas. This dig site held artifacts from the Caddo tribe

Chronicles of Oklahoma

Article consists of editorials regarding changes to historical societies' activities. Included is an announcement about the State Historical and Natural History Society of Colorado refraining from collecting natural history materials in the future, a note on how the state of affairs within the state are changing, a note on an inaccurate statement about George Washington, a correction from a previous volume, and letters to the editor

Temperature Controls Guest Uptake and Release from Zn4L4 Tetrahedra.

We report the preparation of triazatruxene-faced tetrahedral cage 1, which exhibits two diastereomeric configurations (T1 and T2) that differ in the handedness of the ligand faces relative to that of the octahedrally coordinated metal centers. At lower temperatures, T1 is favored, whereas T2 predominates at higher temperatures. Host-guest studies show that T1 binds small aliphatic guests, whereas T2 binds larger aromatic molecules, with these changes in binding preference resulting from differences in cavity size and degree of enclosure. Thus, by a change in temperature the cage system can be triggered to eject one bound guest and take up another.This work was supported by the European Research Council (695009) and the UK Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC EP/M008258/1). The authors thank the Department of Chemistry NMR Facility at the University of Cambridge for performing some NMR experiments and the EPSRC UK National Mass Spectrometry Facility at Swansea University for carrying out high-resolution mass spectrometry. D.Z. acknowledges a Herchel Smith Research Fellowship from the University of Cambridge. J.D.T. acknowledges the Rashkind Family Endowment and the Chenery Endowment from Randolph-Macon College

Chronicles of Oklahoma

Article consists of editorials regarding prominent people and organizations within Oklahoma. Included is an announcement for information regarding prominent men within Oklahoma history and a narrative on how the only issue of the Oklahoma War Chief was printed within Oklahoma

The team around families with multiple and complex problems: Findings from English studies

Deze bijdrage gaat over onderzoek naar het Westminster Family Recovery Project(FRP). Dit is één van de 15 Engelse Think Family-projecten, die recent zijn ontwikkeld als antwoord op de constatering dat hulp vaak niet de gezinnen met de meest ernstige problemen bereikt. Bij FRP gaat het om een intensieve outreachende (IO-)benadering van gezinnen met meervoudige en complexe problemen. Er wordt een multidisciplinair team (Team Around the Family, TAF) samengesteld met de IO-werker als spil. De volgende basisprincipes staan centraal: a) er is sprake van een empathische en ondersteunende houding naar ouders en kinderen; b) er moet snel duidelijkheid ontstaan over wat er zou moeten veranderen, met respect voor de visie van de ouders op wat het beste kan worden gedaan; c) veiligheid en welzijn van kinderen staan voorop, werkerszijn eerlijk wanneer dwingende maatregelen nodig zijn; d) er is individuele aandacht voor de ouders en oog voor hun praktische, relationele en gezondheidsproblemen; e) de benadering behelst een flexibele combinatie van praktische hulp, ondersteuning, educatie, en behandeling. Onderzoek laat zien dat – gemiddeld genomen – gezinnen (N = 33) zeven contacten in de 14 dagen hebben met (vooral) de IO-werker of een ander TAF-lid. Hulptrajecten duren gemiddeld 28 weken (minimaal 6; maximaal 69). Bij afsluiting van de hulp is het welzijn van meerdere gezinsleden in bijna tweederde van de gezinnen (63%), naar verwachting duurzaam, verbeterd.Deze bijdrage gaat over onderzoek naar het Westminster Family Recovery Project (FRP). Dit is een van de 15 Engelse Think Family-projecten, die recent zijn ontwikkeld als antwoord op de constatering dat hulp vaak niet de gezinnen met de meest ernstige problemen bereikt. Bij FRP gaat het om een intensieve outreachende (IO-)benadering van gezinnen met meervoudige en complexe problemen. Er wordt een multidisciplinair team (Team Around the Family, TAF) samengesteld met de IO-werker als spil. De volgende basisprincipes staan centraal: a) er is sprake van een empathische en ondersteunende houding naar ouders en kinderen; b) er moet snel duidelijkheid ontstaan over wat er zou moeten veranderen, met respect voor de visie van de ouders op wat het beste kan worden gedaan; c) veiligheid en welzijn van kinderen staan voorop, werkers zijn eerlijk wanneer dwingende maatregelen nodig zijn; d) er is individuele aandacht voor de ouders en oog voor hun praktische, relationele en gezondheidsproblemen; e) de benadering behelst een flexibele combinatie van praktische hulp, ondersteuning, educatie, en behandeling. Onderzoek laat zien dat – gemiddeld genomen – gezinnen (N=33) zeven contacten in de 14 dagen hebben met (vooral) de IO-werker of een ander TAF-lid. Hulptrajecten duren gemiddeld 28 weken (min. 6; max. 69). Bij afsluiting van de hulp is het welzijn van meerdere gezinsleden in bijna tweederde van de gezinnen (63%), naar verwachting duurzaam, verbeterd