Desalination of Water

Water is very essential for all living beings. It covers nearly 70% of earth’s surface. Even though the major portion of earth is covered by water, there is severe shortage of drinking water in most of the countries across the world. Safe drinking water is vital for all forms of life though it does not provide any calories. Desalination of sea water appears as a solution for this problem. Advanced desalination technologies that are applied to seawater and brackish water prove to be effective alternatives in a variety of situations. This study mainly focuses on upcoming trends in modern desalination technologies and emphasizing the options offered by them. Desalination is a technique where the excess salts are removed from sea water or brackish water converting it into safe potable or usable water. Desalination methods are categorized into thermal processes and membrane processes. In this chapter we discuss about different thermal processes like multistage flash distillation, multiple effect distillation, vapour compression evaporation, cogeneration and solar water desalination. We also discuss about various categories of membrane processes like reverse osmosis, electro dialysis and membrane distillation methods. This chapter also concentrates on advantages and disadvantages and economical parameters involved in each of these methods

Causes and Pathophysiology of Nephrotic Syndrome in Childhood

Nephrotic syndrome is a general type of kidney disease seen in children. In the past, Roelans is credited with the first clinical description of nephrotic syndrome in the late fifteenth century. Nephrotic syndrome is appropriate to excessive hypoalbuminemia, edema, and proteinuria may be hyperlipidemia also present in some cases. Periorbital swelling with or without edema of the body is observed in first starting little period of life, frequently show in children with this condition. Nephrotic syndrome starts develops due functional and structural changes in the GFB, consequential difficulty to control protein in the urine. Nephrotic syndrome possibly causes due to some of glomerular diseases and systemic diseases, but significantly the mostly in childhood is unknown nephrotic syndrome. The first significant improvement with introduction of sulfonamides and then penicillin was seen in 1939. The beginning of adrenocorticotropic hormone and cortisone greater decrease in mortality (to 9%), in the 1950s it was noted to happen in association with spectacular declaration of proteinuria. Etiology of nephrotic syndrome is also age reliant. Most cases reported in the first 3 months of life are referred to as congenital nephrotic syndrome (CNS) and are due to genetic diseases

Design and invitro evaluation of gastro retentive oral matrix tablet formulations of ketorolac tromethamine

Ketorolac Tromethamine floating tablets were prepared by using combination of hydrophilic polymers such as Hydroxy Propyl Methyl Cellulose 4000 cps grade and 100000 cps grade. Eight set of formulations were prepared by gradual increasing and decreasing concentrations of above two polymers. The floating pattern was found to be instant for all the formulations and best controlled release profile was achieved for few set of formulations. The drug content, tablet weight, friability and weight variation were found to be within the limits. Validated UV spectrophotometric method was developed and standard linear regression was used to determine the concentration of released drug during the course of dissolution. The release studies were subjected to zero order, first order, higuchi and ritger-peppas kinetics and the parameters for controlled release were calculated

Dengue fever occurrence in India, Brazil, Paraguay, Philippines and Singapore using Google trends

Background. Dengue is a mosquito-borne disease and its occurrence is a worldwide problem. The health seekers may turn to the Internet based data for possible complications and various therapeutic approaches for the treatment. Therefore, our objective is to identify and characterize the seasonal transition of dengue fever using Google Trends. Methods. This was a cross-sectional study of dengue fever internet searches between 2004 and 2017. The Google was indexed the aggregated web data and ranked based on the search volume with respect to time. The countries selected for the study include India, Brazil, Paraguay, Philippines and Singapore based on the maximum number of cases across world. The selected regions were further classified in to seasonal time points and the relative search volume ranks were categorized to two season variables. Mann–Whitney U test was applied to identify the statistical significance. Results. The summer to monsoon transitions were showed highest number cases beginning from 2004 in the selected regions. Furthermore, dengue searches were peaked in both the seasons of summer and monsoon in selected regions. The analyses of data further revealed that 16.2 % of variation in dengue trends is associated with the time between 2004 and 2017

Antibodies and antibody fragments are therapeutic tools in the treatment of type-II diabetes mellitus

Antibody fragments (FABs) are proteins that form part of the antigen recognition site. FABs are produced in genetically modified bacteriophages, bacteria, fungi, or plants and, consequently, can be produced in large quantities at a fraction of the cost of traditional antibodies. Antibody fragments are small and simple structure that today is highly regarded because of the many advantages they have over the use of whole antibodies. Single-domain antibodies are the smallest antigen-binding units of antibodies, consisting either only of one variable domain or one engineered constant domain that solely facilitates target binding. Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is a promising drug candidate for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Clinical use of recombinant fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) for the treatment of type 2 diabetes and other disorders linked to obesity has been proposed; however, its clinical development has been challenging owing to its poor pharmacokinetics

Antibodies and Antibody Fragments Are Therapeutic Tools in the Treatment of Type-II Diabetes Mellitus

Antibody fragments (FABs) are proteins that form part of the antigen recognition site. FABs are produced in genetically modified bacteriophages, bacteria, fungi, or plants and, consequently, can be produced in large quantities at a fraction of the cost of traditional antibodies. Antibody fragments are small and simple structure that today is highly regarded because of the many advantages they have over the use of whole antibodies. Single-domain antibodies are the smallest antigen-binding units of antibodies, consisting either only of one variable domain or one engineered constant domain that solely facilitates target binding. Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is a promising drug candidate for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Clinical use of recombinant fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) for the treatment of type 2 diabetes and other disorders linked to obesity has been proposed; however, its clinical development has been challenging owing to its poor pharmacokinetics