Relative frequency diagram of extended phytolith (non-palm) counts in Unit 1.

<p>A-hor = A horizon, M = Massangana, G = Girau. Crosses are used instead of bars to highlight taxa with low frequencies.</p

Relative frequency diagram of phytoliths from Unit 5 showing main taxonomic groups and composition of palm counts (in grey).

<p>A-hor = A horizon, M = Massangana, G = Girau.</p

Table showing frequencies of macrobotanical remains with diagnostic or potentially-diagnostic structures (absolute counts).

<p>Table showing frequencies of macrobotanical remains with diagnostic or potentially-diagnostic structures (absolute counts).</p

Images of selected phytoliths and macroremains encountered in pre-ceramic on-site soils at Teotonio.

<p>a) <i>Cucurbita</i> sp. phytolith (Unit 1, 50–60 cm); b) <i>Manihot esculenta</i> phytolith (Unit 5, 60–70 cm); c) Modern <i>M</i>. <i>esculenta</i> phytolith extracted from root rind material; d) cf. <i>Calathea allouia</i> phytolith; e) <i>Oenocarpus</i> sp. seed fragment (Unit 2, 40–50 cm); f) <i>Bertholletia</i> excelsa seed case fragment; g) <i>Phaseolus/Vigna</i> sp. bean (Unit 1, 60–70 cm); h) <i>Caryocar</i> sp. seed fragment (Unit 2, 70–80 cm); i) <i>Psidium</i> sp. seed (Unit 2, 70–80 cm).</p

Relative frequency diagram of extended phytolith (non-palm) counts in Unit 5.

<p>A-hor = A-horizon, M = Massangana, G = Girau. Crosses are used instead of bars to highlight taxa with low frequencies.</p

Table showing starch grain and phytoliths encountered in Massangana and Girau residues from Unit 5.

<p>Table showing starch grain and phytoliths encountered in Massangana and Girau residues from Unit 5.</p

Photographs of lithic artefacts that yielded <i>Phaseolus</i> sp. starch grains.

<p>a) Artefact 1957–1: Unipolar flake with retouch on its distal portion; b) Artefact 1957–3: Unipolar flake with retouch on its right margin; c) Artefact 1958–1: Unipolar flake fragment with retouch on its right margin (taken from [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0199868#pone.0199868.ref016" target="_blank">16</a>]). Scales = 2 cm.</p

Direct archaeological evidence for Southwestern Amazonia as an early plant domestication and food production centre - Fig 2

<p>a) The <i>Cachoeira do Teotonio</i> viewed from the left bank of the Madeira river, with the location of Teotonio site indicated atop the river bluff; b) View of the Madeira river from Teotonio site. Both photographs were taken by E. Neves in 2011 before the construction of the Santo Antônio hydroelectric dam.</p

Graph showing relative frequencies of macrobotanical remains from the heavy fraction.

<p>Graph showing relative frequencies of macrobotanical remains from the heavy fraction.</p

Relative frequency diagram of phytoliths from Unit 1 showing main taxonomic groups and composition of palm counts (in grey).

<p>A-hor = A horizon, M = Massangana, G = Girau.</p