Baseline characteristics by sex and ethnic group: SABRE study 1988–1991.

<p>Data presented are unadjusted means (SD) and %, with exception of physical activity and alcohol consumption, presented as medians (interquartile range), due to skewed data (categorical variables were used for ethnic group comparisons). *p<0.05 for group differences with Europeans as reference category. †n = 959, includes only those people born outside the UK/Ireland with complete data (for European group, n = 61). Physical activity measured in megajoules expended per week during leisure time, travel time and sports. Sedentary behaviour measured as television viewing hours per week.</p

Follow-up assessment of disability.

<p>Follow-up assessment of disability.</p

Associations between baseline risk factors and locomotor dysfunction at follow-up (age- and sex-adjusted) by ethnic group: Logistic regression analysis in the SABRE study.

<p>Data presented as odds ratios (95% confidence intervals). Only includes people with complete questionnaire and locomotor function data (n = 1292). SEP: Socioeconomic position. Age, sedentary behaviour, waist circumference, and body mass index coded as continuous variables. Sex, life-course SEP (reference category: Low childhood and low adult), home tenure (reference category: Do not own home), smoking status (reference category: Never/ex-smoker), physical activity (megajoules per week categorised into quartiles, reference category: Lowest), alcohol intake (reference category: Low), self-rated health (reference category: Very good/good), and baseline coronary heart disease, diabetes, hypertension, arthritis, asthma and disability (reference category: No prevalent condition) coded as categorical variables.</p

Prevalence (n (%)) of disability outcomes across ethnic groups: SABRE study 2008–2011.

<p>Data presented as n (%).*Obtained in clinic attendees only: European men/women, n = 489/135, Indian Asian men/women n = 404/57, African Caribbean men/women n = 106/101. p values represent results from comparison with Europeans using χ2 tests.</p

Geometrical measures of retinal arterioles by ethnic group.

<p>Values are mean [95% confidence interval] either unadjusted or ^§ following adjustment for age, sex, systolic blood pressure, heart rate and diabetes. Abbreviations: LDR, length diameter ratio.</p

Geometrical measures of retinal venules by ethnic group.

<p>Values are mean [95% confidence interval] either unadjusted or ^§ following adjustment for age, sex, body mass index, systolic blood pressure, heart rate, smoking and diabetes. Abbreviations: AVR, arterio-venular ratio; LDR, length diameter ratio.</p

Comparison of 2DSTE and 3DSTE.

<p>Data are mean difference±SD and 95% limit of agreement (LOA).</p

Baseline characteristics of participants in the reproducibility studies.

<p>Data are mean±SD or n (%).</p

Qlab 7.0 and 8.1 Intra-observer agreement.

<p>Bland & Altman plots a) Qlab 7.0 apex peak rotation at the endocardium b) Qlab 7.0 base peak rotation at the endocardium c) Qlab 7.0 apex peak rotation at the epicardium d) Qlab 7.0 base peak rotation at the epicardium. e) Qlab 8.0 apex peak rotation at the endocardium f) Qlab 8.1 base peak rotation at the endocardium g) Qlab 8.1 apex peak rotation at the epicardium h) Qlab 8.1 base peak rotation at the epicardium.</p

Qlab 7.0 and 8.1 Intra-observer reproducibility.

<p>Reproducibility of endocardial and epicardial peak twist, rotation and time to peak rotation measured at the left ventricle apex and the base. Data are average difference ±SDdiff (ICC, concordance correlation coefficient).</p