WHAT DO YOU MEAN I HAVE A BAD REVIEW?: THE EFFECTS OF RACE ON PERCEPTIONS OF PERFORMANCE APPRAISAL FAIRNESS AND DEVIANT BEHAVIORS

Perceptions of unfair performance appraisals have been found to be associated with various negative organizational outcomes, including increases in workplace deviant behaviors and decreases in organizational citizenship behaviors. A main goal of the present study was to examine the process through which perceptions of performance appraisals lead to different behavioral outcomes by using psychological contract breaches within the framework of Affective Events Theory (AET). Another major goal was to investigate if race and core self-evaluations affected outcomes associated with performance appraisals. Results from the present study revealed that race did not impact perceptions of psychological contract breaches, and that the framework described by AET did not influence any outcomes. The three-way interaction between psychological contract breach, procedural justice, and distributive justice did predict participants\u27 feelings of violation, but only for the organizational form of violation. The two-way interaction between psychological contract breach and procedural justice was also found to significantly affect the organizational form of violation. Additionally, it was found that time 1 measurements of core self-evaluations interacted with the experimental vignettes to significantly predict time 2 core self-evaluations. Results from the present may be used to design selection systems and aspects of the workplace

Effects of Social Issues on Employment Outcomes for Individuals with Disabilities

Past legislation, created with the intention of protecting individuals with disabilities (e.g., National Industrial Recovery Act, Fair Labor Standards Act), has, unfortunately, helped pave the way for discriminatory practices in the workplace. Disabled individuals are often deemed too disabled to work, but not disabled enough to receive unemployment-related benefits. In addition to dealing with discriminatory employment practices, disabled individuals must also overcome everyday hurdles (e.g., negative stereotypes, isolation, secondary health issues, lack of rehabilitation services). The overarching goal of the present study was to further investigate the personal feelings and perceptions of disabled individuals, which has often been overlooked in past literature. Results from the present study revealed that certain resources, such as core self-evaluations (CSE), significantly affected participants\u27 happiness. Interestingly, no differences in number of hours worked, income level, or work satisfaction was found between disability types. The present study also found that overall, disabled individuals did not feel that they were entitled to special privileges in the workplace – this result held for participants with both invisible and visible disabilities. Results from the present study may be used to develop skill-building programs for individuals with disabilities (e.g., programs to help build confidence). Additionally, these results should help to counteract negative societal attitudes concerning the use of specific benefits programs, such as Social Security Disability Insurance (SSDI), as participants were not found to have entitled attitudes concerning special privileges

Difference in Bioimpedance Across the Knee in Un-Injured Young Adults

Background Knee injuries induce swelling and resolution of swelling may be a useful factor in identifying states of healing and time to return to sports activities. Recent work has suggested that bioimpedance can provide an objective measure of swelling following total knee arthroplasty (TKA) and therefore may also provide guidance for clinical decision-making following knee injury. This study measures knee bioimpedance in young, active people to help define baseline variability and factors that influence limb to limb differences. Methods Bioimpedance was measured via sensors placed at the foot/ankle and thigh, in positions similar to those suggested for monitoring post-TKA swelling. Initial tests were performed to verify method repeatability, then bioimpedance was measured in a convenience sample of 78 subjects (median age 21yrs). The influence of age, BMI, thigh circumference, and knee function (KOOS-JR) on the impedance measures and difference in impedance between the subject’s knees were examined using a generalized multivariable linear regression. Results The repeatability study measurements were highly consistent with a COV of 1.5% for resistance and an ICC of 97.9%. Women exhibited significantly larger dominant limb impedance and larger limb to limb difference in impedance than men. Regression analysis indicated that subject sex and BMI significantly influenced bioimpedance but joint score and age did not. The limb to limb differences in impedance were small on average (\u3c5%), with larger magnitudes of difference associated with female sex, lower knee function scores, and larger limb to limb differences in thigh circumference. Conclusion Bioimpedance measurements across right and left knees of healthy young people were similar, supporting use of bioimpedance measures from a patient’s uninjured knee as a benchmark to monitor healing of a contralateral injured knee. Future work should focus on understanding how knee function scores and bioimpedance are related, and further explore how sex and side to side anatomic differences impact the measurement

A General-Purpose Multiphase/Multispecies Model to Predict the Spread, Percutaneous Hazard, and Contact Dynamics for Nonporous and Porous Substrates and Membranes

A computational model to solve the coupled transport equations with chemical reaction and phase change for a liquid sessile droplet or the contact and spread of a sessile droplet between two approaching porous or non-porous surfaces, is developed. The model is general therefore it can be applied to toxic chemicals (contact hazard), drug delivery through porous organs and membranes, combustion processes within porous material, and liquid movements in the ground. The equation of motion and the spread of the incompressible liquid available on the primary surface for transfer into the contacting surface while reacting with other chemicals (or water) and/or the solid substrate are solved in a finite difference domain with adaptive meshing. The comparison with experimental data demonstrated the model is robust and accurate. The impact of the initial velocity on the spread topology and mass transfer into the pores is also addressed

An Optical-based Technique to Obtain Vibration Characteristics of Rotating Tires

The dynamic characteristics of tires are critical in the overall vibrations of vehicles because the tire-road interface is the only medium of energy transfer between the vehicle and the road surface. Obtaining the natural frequencies and mode shapes of the tire helps in improving the comfort of the passengers. The vibrational characteristics of structures are usually obtained by performing conventional impact hammer modal testing, in which the structure is excited with an impact hammer and the response of the structure under excitation is captured using accelerometers. However, this approach only provides the response of the structure at a few discrete locations, and it is challenging to use this procedure for rotating structures. Digital Image Correlation (DIC) helps in overcoming these challenges by providing the full-field response of the structure. Although there have been many experiments on tires, there are few published papers that investigate the full-field dynamics of rotating tires at high rotating speeds. In the current work, the Kettering University Formula SAE (FSAE) vehicle is loaded on a chassis dynamometer for the purpose of performing a tire experiment. A pair of high-speed cameras capture high-resolution images to obtain the response of the tire sidewall in stationary and rotating conditions. The modal characteristics of the tire are obtained by processing these images. The results reveal the resonant frequencies and the operational deflection shapes of the loaded and unloaded tire in stationary and rotating conditions. The current article provides full-field information about the dynamics of tires at high rotating speeds for engineers and scientists in the field

A General-Purpose Multiphase/Multispecies Model to Predict the Spread, Percutaneous Hazard, and Contact Dynamics for Nonporous and Porous Substrates and Membranes

A computational model to solve the coupled transport equations with chemical reaction and phase change for a liquid sessile droplet or the contact and spread of a sessile droplet between two approaching porous or non-porous surfaces, is developed. The model is general therefore it can be applied to toxic chemicals (contact hazard), drug delivery through porous organs and membranes, combustion processes within porous material, and liquid movements in the ground. The equation of motion and the spread of the incompressible liquid available on the primary surface for transfer into the contacting surface while reacting with other chemicals (or water) and/or the solid substrate are solved in a finite difference domain with adaptive meshing. The comparison with experimental data demonstrated the model is robust and accurate. The impact of the initial velocity on the spread topology and mass transfer into the pores is also addressed

On the Conditional and Unconditional Type I Error Rates and Power of Tests in Linear Models with Heteroscedastic Errors

Preliminary tests for homoscedasticity may be unnecessary in general linear models. Based on Monte Carlo simulations, results suggest that when testing for differences between independent slopes, the unconditional use of weighted least squares regression and HC4 regression performed the best across a wide range of conditions

Fate of Sessile Droplet Chemical Agents in Environmental Substrates in the Presence of Physiochemical Processes

A general-purpose multi-phase and multi-component computer model capable of solving the complex problems encountered in the agent substrate interaction is developed. The model solves the transient and time-accurate mass and momentum governing equations in a three dimensional space. The provisions for considering all the inter-phase activities (solidification, evaporation, condensation, etc.) are included in the model. The chemical reactions among all phases are allowed and the products of the existing chemical reactions in all three phases are possible. The impact of chemical reaction products on the transport properties in porous media such as porosity, capillary pressure, and permeability is considered. Numerous validations for simulants, agents, and pesticides with laboratory and open air data are presented. Results for chemical reactions in the presence of pre-existing water in porous materials such as moisture, or separated agent and water droplets on porous substrates are presented. The model will greatly enhance the capabilities in predicting the level of threat after any chemical such as Toxic Industrial Chemicals (TICs) and Toxic Industrial Materials (TIMs) release on environmental substrates. The model’s generality makes it suitable for both defense and pharmaceutical applications

Mesoscale Hydrographic Variability in the Vicinity of Points Conception and Arguello During April May 1983: The OPUS 1983 Experiment

In April and May 1983, interdisciplinary oceanographic observations were made of upwelling events in the Point Conception area off southern California. The principal objective was to observe the structure and time dependence of the upwelling system. To accomplish this, two ships, two aircraft, moorings, drogues, and satellite imagery were all included in the observational effort. During the intensive measurement period three main upwelling events and two intervening relaxation or downwelling intervals were sampled during what was a period of overall longer-term sea surface warming. Surface temperatures during upwelling were as low as 10.5°C in the upwelling center between Point Arguello and Point Conception, while during periods of nonupwelling winds, temperatures reached 14°–15°C in the same area. The upwelling center was also a source of higher-salinity water (33.7‰) relative to the offshore waters that were anomalously fresh (33.3‰). Upwelling was observed off Point Arguello, Point Conception, and the area between with a possible lag of up to a day at Point Conception relative to the other areas. The upwelling plume as observed by surface mapping and remote sensing tended to move in a variety of directions from SE to SW. Part of the movement was usually into the Santa Barbara Channel, but other parts of the plume occasionally moved southwestward. There was no obvious correlation of plume direction with the wind. During relaxation events the entire region was covered by a 10- to 20-m-thick warm (14°–16°C), fresh

Organization of persistent upwelling structures : hydrographic observations, 5 April-10 May 1983. Vol. 2

The area near Point Arguello has long been recognized as a location of strong upwelling. A tongue of biologically active waters was observed in the earliest studies of this region (Sverdrup and Allen, 1939). More recently, satellite estimates of chlorophyll by the Coastal Zone Color Scanner (CZCS) on Nimbus-7 have shown the presence of this tongue emanating from Point Arguello in nearly all images off southern California (e.g., Smith and Baker, 1982; Atkinson et al., 1986). This feature is apparently not unique to the Point Arguello region. Similar structures are evident from CZCS and infra-red images near other major points and capes along the west coast of North America (e.g., Abbott and Zion, 1985). Along the central and southern California coast, the tongue off Point Arguello is the largest in spatial extent and the most persistent. The Organization of Persistent Upwelling Structures (OPUS) program was developed with the goal of understanding the relationship between the circulation and planktonic processes in this upwelling region extending southward from Point Arguello. After a small OPUS pilot study in spring 1981 (see Brink et al., 1984, for a summary) a modest program, OPUS-83 (see Atkinson et al., 1986), was funded by the National Science Foundation with the specific objectives of 1) characterizing the physical and biological oceanographic setting in the region within roughly 40 km of Point Arguello; 2) examining the dynamical features of upwelling in this region; 3) obtaining design information for a possible major future OPUS field effort; and 4) achieving some preliminary understanding of the ecosystem dynamics in this region. The field work for OPUS-83 was completed in April and May 1983. This particular time period was selected in order to observe the physical and biological variability during the first few days after the seasonal transition from weak to strong upwelling, the so-called "spring transition" (e.g., Huyer et al., 1979; Brink et al., 1984; Strub et al., 1987; Lentz, 1987). Fortuitously, the OPUS-83 field study was also conducted during a very unusual warming event in the California Current (Simpson, 1983). The sea surface temperatures observed along the California coast during winter and spring of 1983 were the highest recorded since 1958-59. This 1983 warming was related to the major El Nino occurrence in the tropical Pacific Ocean. OPUS-83 was an interdisciplinary program which included physical, chemical and biological measurements repeated at regular intervals on a fixed sampling grid. The hydrographic observations (CTD and XBT) are summarized in two data reports. This report is Volume 2 which contains vertical sections and horizontal maps at selected depths of temperature, salinity and σt Volume 1 contains a detailed background and summary of the OPUS program and vertical profiles of temperature, salinity and σt The text from the sampling, data calibration and processing, and data presentation sections of Volume 1 are included here for easy reference.V. 1. Vertical profiles -- v. 2. Maps and vertical section