Highway construction and maintenance equipment with machine and automotive repair shops for the reconstruction of the highways of the IV division, Ankara, Turkey

With the rapid advancements being made in travel and communication facilities today, the world is steadily growing smaller and people in the far places of the world are no longer strangers. There is no doubting the importance of tractors, dozers, scrapers, power shovels, graders, bituminus construction equipment, aggregate handling, etc., in the present-day world, in aiding the progress of civilization and bringing to all people the good things of life. It must be remembered that money expended for highways is not wasted, and can be classified as an asset. In substance, this is a general project for the reconstruction and improvement of the highways of the IVth Division, Ankara, Turkey, on a four year program, which will cover approximately 1,400 miles of modern roads. The project will consist mainly of: I. a) The type and size of roads that will be constructed. b) An approximate estimation of the amount of earth to be moved per average mile in order to bring the highways to grade. c) An approximate estimation of the quantity of materials necessary for the basing and surfacing of the roads. d) Selection of type, size, and quantity of road construction and maintenance equipment. e) Detail technical specifications of the forgone equipment. II. General outfits of machine and automotive repair shops for the maintenance and repairs of the above equipment, giving locations, general plans, tools and machinery. III. a) Initial cost of the road equipment. b) Initial cost of the shops (Hangars), tools and machinery --Preface, pages iv-v

Culture and chemotherapy of intestinal trichomonads of the Golden Hamster

Thesis (M.A.)--Boston UniversitySeveral culture media were tested. The trichomonads multiplied only in gastric mucin-Loeffler's dried blood serum dissolved in a slight modification of Drbohlav's modified Ringer's solution. Among the species of intestinal trichomonads of the golden hamster that were studied only T. microti and T. wenyoni grew in the artificial culture medium. Several techniques of determining whether or not the hamsters were infected with trichomonads, methods of obtaining population counts, and several staining methods were presented. Protozoa other than T. microti and T. wenyoni were successfully cultured in the modified culture medium. Bacteria-free cultures of trichomonads were assured by adding to the culture medium penicillin and streptomycin in combination, and also terramycin. Cysts induced artificially and those found in the animal's feces were activated by placing them in a warm place or by using aqueous pancreatin solution. These cysts multiplied in the modified culture medium. The resistance of the intestinal trichomonads of the golden hamster to physical and chemical agents was discussed. Many antiseptics, ultraviolet light, high temperatures and low temperatures are lethal for the trichomonads. The trichomonads are resistant to X-rays. Hypotonic or hypertonic solutions of sodium chloride are destructive for these trichomonads. Experiments in vitro, with penicillin, streptomycin, terramycin, aureomycin, ahloromycetin, Carbarsone, Chiniofon, copper sulfate, Phenothiazine were described. Experiments in vivo, with Carbarsone, Chinifon, Phenothiazine, copper sulfate, Vioform, terramycin, and aureomycin were described. Carbarsone showed the best trichomonadicidal action per os. The hamsters are extremely resistant to high doses of Carbarsone. Prolonged administration of Carbarsone is harmful to animals. The pathogenicity of the intestinal trichomonads of the golden hamster was examined. These trichomonads are not pathogenic for man or for the hamsters. The author swallowed a mixed culture of T. microti and T. wenyoni, but no digestive abnormalities were observed subsequently

The Greek people in America

Thesis (M.A.)--Boston Universit

Socialist influences on John Stuart Mill

Thesis (M.A.)--Boston Universit

The morphology & physiology of trichomonas gallinarum Martin and Robertson, 1911, with special reference to electron microscopy and sugar fermentation

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Boston UniversityThis study was undertaken with the aim of describing some aspects of the biology of T. gallinarum, a parasite widely spread among gallinaceous birds, with special emphasis on its fine structure and sugar fermentation. The morphology of T. gallinarum was studied with both conventional and electron microscopy [TRUNCATED

A novel role for Hedgehog in T-cell receptor signaling: implications for development and immunity

The Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway is a key regulator of both embryonic development and homeostasis of adult tissues, including thymus and blood. In the thymus, Hh signals for differentiation, survival and proliferation in the early stages of T cell development, before TCR gene rearrangement. Our recent data has shown that Hh signaling also modulates T cell receptor (TCR) signal strength in more mature T lineage cells. We showed that constitutive activation of the Hh pathway in thymocytes (by transgenic expression of the transcriptional activator form of Gli2) decreased TCR signal strength with profound consequences for the thymus--allowing self-reactive T cells to escape deletion and altering T cell CD4/CD8 lineage decisions. In contrast, in the Sonic Hh deficient thymus, TCR signaling was increased, again influencing both TCR repertoire selection and CD4/8 lineage commitment. In peripheral T cells, the transcriptional changes induced by activation of the Hh signaling pathway lead to reduced T cell activation. Hh signaling also attenuated ERK phosphorylation and proliferation in mature T cells on TCR ligation. Modulation of TCR signal strength by Hh pathway activation has importance for immunity as the presence or absence of Hh in the environment in which a T cell is activated would shape the immune response

Direct BMP2/4 signaling through BMP receptor IA regulates fetal thymocyte progenitor homeostasis and differentiation to CD4+CD8+ double-positive cell

BMP2/4 signaling is required for embryogenesis and involved in thymus morphogenesis and T-lineage differentiation. In vitro experiments have shown that treatment of thymus explants with exogenous BMP4 negatively regulated differentiation of early thymocyte progenitors and the transition from CD4-CD8- (DN) to CD4+CD8+ (DP). Here we show that in vivo BMP2/4 signaling is required for fetal thymocyte progenitorhomeostasis and expansion, but negatively regulates differentiation from DN to DP cell. Unexpectedly, conditional deletion of BMPRIA from fetal thymocytes (using the Cre-loxP system and directing excision to hematopoietic lineage cells with the Vav promoter) demonstrated that physiological levels of BMP2/4 signaling directly to thymocytes through BMPRIA are required for normal differentiation and expansion of early fetal DN thymocytes. In contrast, the arrest in early thymocyte progenitor differentiation caused by exogenous BMP4 treatment of thymus explants is induced in part by direct signaling to thymocytes through BMPRIA, and in part by indirect signaling through non-hematopoietic cells. Analysis of the transition from fetal DN to DP cell, both by ex vivo analysis of conditional BMPRIA-deficient thymocytes and by treatment of thymus explants with the BMP4-inhibitor Noggin demonstrated that BMP2/4 signaling is a negative regulator at this stage. We showed that at this stage of fetal T-cell development BMP2/4 signals directly to thymocytes through BMPRIA

β-Selection: Abundance of TCRβ–/γδ– CD44–CD25– (DN4) cells in the foetal thymus

Expression of TCRβ and pre-TCR signalling are essential for differentiation of CD4–CD8– double negative (DN) thymocytes to the CD4+CD8+ double-positive (DP) stage. Thymocyte development in adult Rag1, Rag2 or TCRβδ-deficient mice is arrested at the DN3 stage leading to the assumption that pre-TCR signalling and β-selection occur at, and are obligatory for, the transition from DN3 to DN4. We show that the majority of DN3 and DN4 cells that differentiate during early embryogenesis in wild-type mice do not express intracellular (ic) TCRβ/γδ. These foetal icTCRβ−/γδ− DN4 cells were T lineage as determined by expression of Thy1 and icCD3 and TCRβ DJ rearrangement. In addition, in the foetal Rag1–/– thymus, a normal percentage of DN4 cells were present. In wild-type mice after hydrocortisone-induced synchronisation of differentiation, the majority of DN4 cells that first emerged did not express icTCRβ/γδ, showing that adult thymocytes can also differentiate to the DN4 stage independently of pre-TCR signalling. Pre-TCR signalling induced expansion in the DN4 population, but lack of TCRβ/γδ expression did not immediately induce apoptosis. Our data demonstrate in vivo differentiation from DN3 to DN4 cell in the absence of TCRβ/γδ expression in the foetal thymus, and after hydrocortisone treatment of adult mice