Parallel Germline Infiltration of a Lentivirus in Two Malagasy Lemurs

Retroviruses normally infect the somatic cells of their host and are transmitted horizontally, i.e., in an exogenous way. Occasionally, however, some retroviruses can also infect and integrate into the genome of germ cells, which may allow for their vertical inheritance and fixation in a given species; a process known as endogenization. Lentiviruses, a group of mammalian retroviruses that includes HIV, are known to infect primates, ruminants, horses, and cats. Unlike many other retroviruses, these viruses have not been demonstrably successful at germline infiltration. Here, we report on the discovery of endogenous lentiviral insertions in seven species of Malagasy lemurs from two different genera—Cheirogaleus and Microcebus. Combining molecular clock analyses and cross-species screening of orthologous insertions, we show that the presence of this endogenous lentivirus in six species of Microcebus is the result of one endogenization event that occurred about 4.2 million years ago. In addition, we demonstrate that this lentivirus independently infiltrated the germline of Cheirogaleus and that the two endogenization events occurred quasi-simultaneously. Using multiple proviral copies, we derive and characterize an apparently full length and intact consensus for this lentivirus. These results provide evidence that lentiviruses have repeatedly infiltrated the germline of prosimian species and that primates have been exposed to lentiviruses for a much longer time than what can be inferred based on sequence comparison of circulating lentiviruses. The study sets the stage for an unprecedented opportunity to reconstruct an ancestral primate lentivirus and thereby advance our knowledge of host–virus interactions

Ostéomyélite du diabétique à Staphylococcus aureus (prise en charge médicale ou chirurgicale ?)

Objectif : comparer l'évolution des ostéomyélites du diabétique à staphylococcus aureus (ODISA) traitées médicalement ou chirurgicalement. Conception de l'étude et méthodes : les données concernant l'évolution de patients avec un diagnostic d'ODISA étaient recueillies rétrospectivement dans quatre hôpitaux en distinguant le type de prise en charge, médicale ou chirurgicale. L'évolution était classée favorable soit comme échec (rechute, stabilisation ou amputation). Les autres variables d'intérêt étudiées comprenaient la nécessité d'une hospitalisation, la durée de l'antibiothérapie et ses effets secondaires, et la survenue d'un nouvel épisode distinct d'ostéomyélite (NEDO) durant le suivi. 74 patients avec une ODISA dont 26 à SARM, ont été recrutés avec une durée moyenne de suivi de 21+-1 mois. Dans le cadre du traitement initial, 47% avaient subi une chirurgie de l'os. Le résultat était favorable pour 84% des patients, avec des taux similaires dans les groupes chirurgical et médical (80% contre 87%, p>0.05). Les patients du groupe médical avaient été moins fréquemment hospitalisés (49% contre 94%, p80%. Les changements dans la biomécanique du pied induits par la chirurgie n'avaient pas significativement augmenté le taux de NEDO, qui était élevé dans les deux groupes.CLERMONT FD-BCIU-Santé (631132104) / SudocSudocFranceF

Is Centralization Needed for Patients Undergoing Distal Pancreatectomy?

International audienceObjective The centralization of complex surgical procedures is associated with better postoperative outcomes. However, little is known about the impact of hospital volume on the outcome after distal pancreatectomy. Methods Using the French national hospital discharge database, we identified all patients having undergone distal pancreatectomy in France between 2012 and 2015. A spline model was applied to determine the caseload cut-off in annual distal pancreatectomy that influenced 90-day postoperative mortality. Results A total of 3314 patients were identified. Use of a spline model did not reveal a cut-off in the annual distal pancreatectomy caseload. By taking the median number of distal pancreatectomy (n = 5) and the third quartile (n = 15), we stratified centers into low, intermediate, and high hospital volume groups. The overall postoperative mortality rate was 3.0% and did not differ significantly between these groups. In a multivariable analysis, age, Charlson comorbidity score, septic complications, hemorrhage, shock, and reoperation were independently associated with a greater overall risk of death. However, hospital volume had no impact on mortality after distal pancreatectomy (odds ratio, 0.954; 95% confidence interval, 0.552–1.651, P = 0.867). Conclusions Hospital volume does not seem to influence mortality after distal pancreatectomy in France, and centralization may not necessarily improve outcomes

Offices, écrits et papauté (XIIIe-XVIIe siècles)

La papauté connaît, entre XIIIe et XVIIe siècle, des évolutions remarquables qui coïncident avec l’affirmation de l’État en Europe occidentale. L’écrit, qui permet à toute autorité politique d’immuniser, de statuer, d’informer, de conserver, est un des principaux instruments de sa construction. Ce volume, second écho d’une recherche collective internationale, tente de croiser les questionnements diffus portant sur ces deux objets historiographiques. Sans prétendre offrir une analyse globale de la culture écrite des organes du pouvoir, dans et hors de la curie, ni proposer une véritable histoire documentaire de l’institution pontificale, les études présentées ici permettent de cerner les structures d’évolution de la documentation dans divers secteurs d’intervention de la papauté. Elles appréhendent les interrogations que les mécanismes de rédaction, de transmission et de conservation des informations suscitent. Elles soulèvent avec acuité des questions économiques fondamentales que les registres occultent, voire tentent de celer. De Rome en Avignon, par Pérouse, Bologne et la Savoie, des cours provinciales aux familles cardinalices, de l’armée à la Pénitencerie, du maçon à l’artiste, des premières ébauches de l’écrit à l’évasion du secret d’archives, la richesse des thèmes étudiés, des analyses apportées et des interprétations historiques parcourues approfondissent de manière déterminante nos connaissances de cette forme de pouvoir unique qu’est la papauté médiévale et de l’âge moderne

SARS-CoV-2 infection triggers profibrotic macrophage responses and lung fibrosis.

COVID-19-induced "acute respiratory distress syndrome" (ARDS) is associated with prolonged respiratory failure and high mortality, but the mechanistic basis of lung injury remains incompletely understood. Here, we analyze pulmonary immune responses and lung pathology in two cohorts of patients with COVID-19 ARDS using functional single-cell genomics, immunohistology, and electron microscopy. We describe an accumulation of CD163-expressing monocyte-derived macrophages that acquired a profibrotic transcriptional phenotype during COVID-19 ARDS. Gene set enrichment and computational data integration revealed a significant similarity between COVID-19-associated macrophages and profibrotic macrophage populations identified in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. COVID-19 ARDS was associated with clinical, radiographic, histopathological, and ultrastructural hallmarks of pulmonary fibrosis. Exposure of human monocytes to SARS-CoV-2, but not influenza A virus or viral RNA analogs, was sufficient to induce a similar profibrotic phenotype in vitro. In conclusion, we demonstrate that SARS-CoV-2 triggers profibrotic macrophage responses and pronounced fibroproliferative ARDS