Protein profiles of the venom protein components of five Eswatini snakes.

A: Venom proteins separated by SDS-PAGE under reducing conditions and stained with Coomassie blue to show all proteinaceous components. B: Immunoblot using normal horse IgG used as primary antibody negative control. C: Immunoblot using SAIMR Polyvalent as primary antibody. D: Immunoblot using Panafrican (ICP) antivenom as primary antibody. E: Immunoblot using PANAF (PS&V) antivenom as primary antibody.</p

PLA₂ assay optimisation data.

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ELISA endpoint raw data and ELISA avidity raw data.

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The preclinical venom-neutralising efficacy (antivenom ED₅₀) of the PANAF (PS&V) and Panafrican (ICP) antivenoms compared to SAIMR Polyvalent in the pre-incubation model of envenoming.

ED50 is defined as the volume of antivenom which protects 50% of mice from the lethal effects of venom. Each experiment used five mice per dose group. The assays utilised a venom challenge dose of 5 x venom LD50s (Table 2), except when it was necessary to reduce the challenge dose 3 x venom LD50s (indicated by red text). In these instances, the maximum volume limit of antivenom that can be injected intravenously was reached without reducing the venom lethality of the 5 x LD50 venom dose, therefore it was necessary to reduce the venom dose to determine an ED50 for the antivenom. Results are reported as ED50 determined by Probit analyses and expressed in (i) volume of antivenom and (ii) as μL of antivenom per mg of venom. 95% confidence intervals are reported in parentheses.</p

SVMP assay raw data.

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The titre of three antivenoms against five Eswatini venoms determined by end-point titration ELISA.

SAIMR Polyvalent (SAVP) shown in teal, Panafrican (ICP) shown in magenta, PANAF (PS&V) shown in blue, normal horse IgG shown in purple. Panel A: B. arietans. Panel B: D. polylepis. Panel C: H. haemachatus. Panel D: N. annulifera. Panel E: N. mossambica. Data points represent the mean of two replicates and error bars show the standard deviation. The vertical line at the 1:62,500 dilution represents the point at which Ig titres of each antivenom were compared.</p