HER2 sstatus and molecular subtypes of breast carcinoma in Central Vietnam

Background. Breast cancer is the most commonly occurring cancer in the females and the leading cause of cancer deaths in Vietnamese women. Beside the traditional histopathological classification according to the WHO, the genetic and molecular findings in the last decades have introduced a new nomenclature to identify of breast cancers oriented mostly to the functional characteristics of the neoplastic cells and the needs of therapy. Based on these criteria, breast cancers are divided into five main groups according to the expression levels of biomarkers such as estrogen (ER), progesterone receptors (PR), proliferation index (Ki67) and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2). Among them, HER2 protein overexpression and gene amplification have a particularly important role to play in the classification of molecular subtypes. It is also a significant biomarker which has prognostic and predictive value and is a goal of targeted therapy. The aim of this study was to identify the prevalence rate of HER2 gene amplification or overexpression in the local Vietnamese population, and determine the molecular subtypes of breast cancer. Materials and methods. Paraffin tissue blocks from 88 Vietnamese women diagnosed consecutively with invasive primary breast carcinoma during a period of 12 months, from April 2016 to April 2017. These blocks underwent immunohistochemistry (IHC) and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and dual in situ hybridization (DISH) for the assessment of HER2 status. HER2 positive includes the HER2 (3+) score in IHC or the HER2 gene amplification in FISH. The IHC for ER, PR and Ki67 were also evaluated to determine molecular subtypes. The analyses were based on the guideline of ASCO/CAP 2013. Results. The median age of patients was 52.5. By using IHC, 30.7 % of tumours were strongly expressed in (3+) score the HER2 protein. The HER2 equivocal results occupied 9.1%. Gene amplification by FISH was found in 25% of tumours with an equivocal score in IHC. The prevalence rate of HER2 positive was 32.9%. The concordance between IHC and DISH assay were 100% in case of IHC positive or negative. In case HER2 results by using immunohistochemistry technique were equivocal, DISH was able to identify 2 cases (25% of cases) as positive. The concordance between FISH and DISH in the equivocal cases was 100%. Luminal B subtype accounted for the highest proportion, at 37.5% whereas luminal A was the lowest, at 18.2%. The HER2 enriched and triple negative subtype occupied 22.7% and 21.6%, respectively. A significant relationship was found between HER2 status as well as molecular subtypes and some clinicopathological characteristics and biomarkers. Conclusion. HER2 gene amplification was found in 32.9% of Vietnamese breast cancers. This prevalence was considerably higher than in published studies on women from Western countries. Luminal B subtype was the most frequent, at 37.5% while the uncommon belonged to luminal A, at 18.2%. The HER2 enrich and triple negative subtypes were fairly higher than that in literature. HER2 status as well as molecular classification had prognostic and therapeutical significance

Catalytic Activity of Cr2O3/sepiolite in the oxidation of benzyl alcohol

Cr2O3/sepiolite samples with different loadings have been prepared through the precipitation method and characterized by several physical methods such as XRD, TEM, BET, and TGA... The as-prepared materials have large surface area, high distribution of Cr2O3 nanoxides on the nanofibrous sepiolite. The catalysts have been tested in the oxidation of benzyl alcohol with t-BuOOH. Chromium oxides were found to be active sites for the oxidation of benzyl alcohol to aldehyde. The catalytic activity varied with reaction time and temperature. The appropriate temperature is about 60-70oC with conversion of 40-60% and benzaldehyde selectivity of 90%

Comparative studies on the characteristic properties of the ground and conventional LaCo0.7Cu0.3O3 perovskite

The characteristics of two perovkites and a blend of mixed oxides prepared by reactive grinding and citrate complex method have been comparatively investigated using several techniques (X-ray, BET, H2-TPR, chemisorption, O2-TPD). XRD results confirm the successful substitution of Co by Cu in the lattice of La(Co,Cu)O3 perovkite. The ground materials with smaller particle sizes and larger surface area show more thermal stability than does the citrate-derived sample under the same reducing conditions. Due to a lower surface area and nonporous structure, the conventional sample adsorbed a smaller amount of oxygen on the surface sites and on the vacancies compared with the other catalysts

Assessment and Simulation of Impacts of Climate Change on Erosion and Water Flow by Using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool and GIS: Case Study in Upper Cau River basin in Vietnam

The Upper Cau river basin which plays an important role in socio-economic developments the North of Vietnam is sensitive to changes of climate influencing flows, erosion, and water resources. The main objective of this study is to assess and simulate impacts of climate change on erosion and water flow in the basin. Using a GIS database and Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model, the water flow and soil loss were assessed with data in period 1980-1999 called the based period, then simulated until 2100 considering the medium emission scenario (B2). The simulation result showed that the total annual runoff and soil loss tends to increase compared to the base period. For flow, the change rate of the simulation period is higher than the base period; the water flow rate will increase by 0.22% (2020-2039) and up to 1.37% (2080-2100). The total annual soil loss of the simulation period at Gia Bay station tends to increase steadily compared to the baseline, namely by 6.2% (2020-2039) and 25.5% (2080-2100). Overall, the result in this study shows that effects of climate changes on the basin are severe enough under the scenario B2 which is useful for authorities for basin management.ReferencesAli R., McFarlane D., Varma S., Dawes W., Emelyanova I., Hodgson G., Charles S., 2012. Potential climate change impacts on groundwater resources of south-western Australia. Journal of Hydrology, 475, 456-472. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2012.04.043 Arnell N. W., 2004. Climate change and global water resources: SRES emissions and socio-economic scenarios. Global Environmental Change, 14(1), 31- 52. doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2003.10.006 Arnold J. G., Fohrer N., 2005. SWAT2000: Current capabilities and research opportunities in applied watershed modeling. Hydrol. Proc., 19(3), 563-572. 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Trong T.D., Viet N.Q., Huong D.T.V., 2012. Assessing the soil erosion possibility in Dakrong Commune, Quang Tri province using RMMF (Rrevised Morgan-Morgan-Finney) model. Scientific journal, Hue University,Vietnam, 74A(5), 173-184. Tu L.H., Liem N.D., Minh T.P., Loi N.K., 2011. Assessing soil erosion in Da Tam watershed, Lam Dong province using GIS technique Paper presented at the National GIS application  Danang, Vietnam. Penginapan Ciawi. (2020). Retrieved 21 May 2020, from http://www.penginapanciawi.my.id/ Vargas-Amelin E., Pindado P., 2014. The challenge of climate change in Spain: Water resources, agriculture and land. Journal of Hydrology, 518, Part B, 243-249. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2013.11.035 Winchell M., Srinivasan R., Di Luzio M., Arnold J., 2013. ArcSWAT Interface for SWAT 2012. User's Guide. Texas: Blackland Research and Extension Center; Grassland Soil and Water research laboratory

Optimization of Superplastic Forming Process of AA7075 Alloy for the Best Wall Thickness Distribution

This work aims to optimize the process parameters for improving the wall thickness distribution of the sheet superplastic forming process of AA7075 alloy. The considered factors include forming pressure p (MPa), deformation temperature T (°C), and forming time t (minutes), while the responses are the thinning degree of the wall thickness ε (%) and the relative height of the product h*. First, a series of experiments are conducted in conjunction with response surface method (RSM) to render the relationship between inputs and outputs. Subsequently, an analysis of variance (ANOVA) is conducted to verify the response significance and parameter effects. Finally, a numerical optimization algorithm is used to determine the best forming conditions. The results indicate that the thinning degree of 13.121% is achieved at the forming pressure of 0.7 MPa, the deformation temperature of 500°C, and the forming time of 31 minutes

Characteristics and reducibility of nanosized La1-xCexCoO3 perovskites synthesized by reactive grinding

Two (La,Ce)CoO3 perovskite-type oxides prepared by reactive grinding have been characterized by means of X-ray diffraction, N2 adsorption/desorption isotherms, SEM, H2-TPR. Both samples show a nanocrystalline phase and rather high surface area. The thermal stability of cobalt ions in such solids has been studied under reducing conditions. H2-TPR results indicate that the reduction of Co3+ to Co0 occurs in a multiple-step. The partial replacement of La3+ by Ce4+ has promoting effects on the reducibility of cobalt ions. A decreased reduction temperature of cobalt ions in the presence of Ce4+ leads to an increased dispersion of the reduced phase for La0.9Ce0.1CoO3 perovskite precursor. Keywords: perovskite; reduction; cobalt; La-Ce-Co; dispersion; metal

Oxidation of styrene over molybdenum-containing hydrotalcite catalysts

Mg0.6Al0.4(OH)2(MoO4)0.2.mH2O was prepared via coprecipitation method and characterized by XRD, BET, EDS techniques. The solid has a hydrotalcite-like structure and molybdate anions stayed in the interlayer regions between two brucite sheets. The synthesized material has been used as heterogeneous catalyst for the liquid oxidation of styrene with air. The oxidation reaction was carried out at atmospheric pressure in the temperature range of 60-110 oC. The presence of molybdate anions plays role of active site for the conversion of styrene into benzaldehyde and styrene epoxide with the selectivity of 97-99 %. Keywords. Benzaldehyde, epoxide, molybdate, LDH, intercalation

Oxidation of benzyl alcohol to benzaldehyde over MnOx/sepiolite catalysts

MnOx/sepiolite catalysts were synthesized by precipitation method accompanied by the calcination at 4100C. The prepated solids have been characterized by XRD, SEM, TPR-H2. MnOx particles were deposited on the surface of the sepiolite fibers and act as active sites for  the oxidation of benzyl alcohol using tert-butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP) as an oxidizing agent. The catalysts showed a good conversion of benzyl alcohol to benzaldehyde at 60 oC. The influence of the reaction time and reaction temperature was considered. Keywords. MnOx/sepiolite, oxidation, benzyl alcohol conversion, TBHP, benzaldehyde