BMI-wide and Gender-wide differences in Hazard ratios for risk of developing T2DM in hypertensive patients (against baseline diagnosis in non-hypertensive patients from normal weight categories).

<p>*, these values are not significant. P-value ≥0.05.</p

Mean age at onset of Type 2 diabetes in different BMI categories.

<p>(A) in hypertensive patients; (B) in non-hypertensive patient.</p

Multiple linear regression models (with introducing an interaction term between gender and BMI as an additional variable) for association between BMI and age at onset of Type 2 diabetes in hypertensive and non-hypertensive patients.

<p>Multiple linear regression models (with introducing an interaction term between gender and BMI as an additional variable) for association between BMI and age at onset of Type 2 diabetes in hypertensive and non-hypertensive patients.</p

Summary of descriptive statistics of the data sets used in the study.

<p>@, The mean values presented in the previous two columns are compared using t-test.</p

Decrease in the mean age at onset of T2DM across different BMI categories in hypertensive and non-hypertensive patients.

<p>*, these values are not significant. P-value ≥0.05</p

Summary of findings from previous studies on association between age- and sex-adjusted BMI z-scores and age at onset of T1D in various populations.

<p>Summary of findings from previous studies on association between age- and sex-adjusted BMI z-scores and age at onset of T1D in various populations.</p

Flowchart depicting the filtering steps used to derive the data sets on children and adolescents with age at onset of T1D during 2 to <6 years, and during 6 to18 years.

<p>Flowchart depicting the filtering steps used to derive the data sets on children and adolescents with age at onset of T1D during 2 to <6 years, and during 6 to18 years.</p

Multiple linear regression models for association between BMI z-score and age at onset of T1D in the cohort of 6 to 18 years stratified by BMI z-score >0 and <0.

<p>Multiple linear regression models for association between BMI z-score and age at onset of T1D in the cohort of 6 to 18 years stratified by BMI z-score >0 and <0.</p

Ethnic differences in association of high body mass index with early onset of Type 1 diabetes – Arab ethnicity as case study

<div><p>Objective</p><p>The “accelerator hypothesis” predicts early onset of Type 1 diabetes (T1D) in heavier children. Studies testing direction of correlation between body mass index (BMI) and age at onset of T1D in different continental populations have reported differing results–inverse, direct, and neutral. Evaluating the correlation in diverse ethnic populations is required to generalize the accelerator hypothesis.</p><p>Methods</p><p>The study cohort comprised 474 Kuwaiti children of Arab ethnicity diagnosed with T1D at age 6 to 18 years during 2011–2013. Age- and sex-adjusted BMI z-scores were calculated by comparing the BMI measured at diagnosis with Kuwaiti pediatric population reference data recorded during comparable time-period. Multiple linear regression and Pearson correlation analyses were performed.</p><p>Results</p><p>BMI z-score was seen inversely associated with onset age (r,-0.28; p-value<0.001). Children with BMI z-score>0 (<i>i</i>.<i>e</i>. BMI >national average) showed a stronger correlation (r,-0.38; p-value<0.001) than those with BMI z-score<0 (r,-0.19; p-value<0.001); the former group showed significantly lower mean onset age than the latter group (9.6±2.4 <i>versus</i> 10.5±2.7; p-value<0.001). Observed inverse correlation was consistent with that seen in Anglo-saxon, central european, caucasian, and white children while inconsistent with that seen in Indian, New Zealander, and Australian children.</p><p>Conclusions</p><p>The accelerator hypothesis generalizes in Arab pediatric population from Kuwait.</p></div

Genome at Juncture of Early Human Migration: A Systematic Analysis of Two Whole Genomes and Thirteen Exomes from Kuwaiti Population Subgroup of Inferred Saudi Arabian Tribe Ancestry

<div><p>Population of the State of Kuwait is composed of three genetic subgroups of inferred Persian, Saudi Arabian tribe and Bedouin ancestry. The Saudi Arabian tribe subgroup traces its origin to the Najd region of Saudi Arabia. By sequencing two whole genomes and thirteen exomes from this subgroup at high coverage (>40X), we identify 4,950,724 Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs), 515,802 indels and 39,762 structural variations. Of the identified variants, 10,098 (8.3%) exomic SNPs, 139,923 (2.9%) non-exomic SNPs, 5,256 (54.3%) exomic indels, and 374,959 (74.08%) non-exomic indels are ‘novel’. Up to 8,070 (79.9%) of the reported novel biallelic exomic SNPs are seen in low frequency (minor allele frequency <5%). We observe 5,462 known and 1,004 novel potentially deleterious nonsynonymous SNPs. Allele frequencies of common SNPs from the 15 exomes is significantly correlated with those from genotype data of a larger cohort of 48 individuals (Pearson correlation coefficient, 0.91; p <2.2×10⁻¹⁶). A set of 2,485 SNPs show significantly different allele frequencies when compared to populations from other continents. Two notable variants having risk alleles in high frequencies in this subgroup are: a nonsynonymous deleterious SNP (rs2108622 [19:g.15990431C>T] from CYP4F2 gene [MIM:*604426]) associated with warfarin dosage levels [MIM:#122700] required to elicit normal anticoagulant response; and a 3′ UTR SNP (rs6151429 [22:g.51063477T>C]) from ARSA gene [MIM:*607574]) associated with Metachromatic Leukodystrophy [MIM:#250100]. Hemoglobin Riyadh variant (identified for the first time in a Saudi Arabian woman) is observed in the exome data. The mitochondrial haplogroup profiles of the 15 individuals are consistent with the haplogroup diversity seen in Saudi Arabian natives, who are believed to have received substantial gene flow from Africa and eastern provenance. We present the first genome resource imperative for designing future genetic studies in Saudi Arabian tribe subgroup. The full-length genome sequences and the identified variants are available at <a href="ftp://dgr.dasmaninstitute.org" target="_blank">ftp://dgr.dasmaninstitute.org</a> and <a href="http://dgr.dasmaninstitute.org/DGR/gb.html" target="_blank">http://dgr.dasmaninstitute.org/DGR/gb.html</a>.</p></div