Utilization of Probiotic-Fermented Rice Straw as Ruminant Feed

Agriculture in Indonesia is dominated by a rice-based farming system where ruminants are kept as saving and to provide draft power. The productivity of ruminants under this farming system is relatively low. The low productivity is mainly due to inadequate supply of feed. As the agriculture is a rice-based farming system, rice straws become potential crop residues existing in almost all areas in Indonesia. Many studies on the utilization of rice straw as ruminant feed have been conducted. Rice straw has very low nutritive values, especially its crude protein content and digestibility. A lot of treatments have been applied to improve the  nutritional  values  particularly  the  digestibility  value,  that is,  by  means  of  physical,  chemical  and  biological treaments. In recent studies, the efficiency of rice straw utilization for ruminants was improved by supplementation of probiotic. The aim of probiotic addition is to enhance the ability of rumen microbes to digest the rice straw in the rumen by their synergistic effect. The methods of probiotic addition can be introduced into rice straw through fermentation process or mixed with the concentrates. This paper exposes the utilization of probiotic-fermented rice straw for ruminant animals and their storage system.   Key words: Rice straw, fermentation, probiotic, ruminant

Acetoanaerobium noterae bacteria addition in the diet on methane production and performance of sheep

A study on utilization of Acetoanaerobium noterae to decrease enteric methane production through feeding trial using sheep has been conducted. Animals used were young, male composite breed sheep with an initial liveweight of 19.1 kg. Twenty four animals were randomly distributed into 3 groups of dietary treatment and each group consisted of 8 animals. The diet fed to the animals were elephant grass (ad libitum) and the commercial concentrate containing 16% crude protein (200 g head–1 day–1). The treatments were (I). Control (K); (II). K + Cultural Preparate of A. noterae (SKAn); and (III). K + SKAn + Aksapon SR (as defaunator). Feeding trials was conducted for 12 weeks. The measurements observed were feed consumption, body weight gain, dry matter digestibility, rumen ecosystem, and enteric methane production. In vivo dry matter digestibility was measured by collecting the faeces and urine of the animals kept in metabolism cages for 7 days effective period. The results showed that effectivity of A. noterae action as methanogenesis inhibitor was improved when it was combined with defaunator. Compared to control treatment, the treatments of SKAn with and without Aksapon SR could significantly improve (P<0.05) daily gain (increased by 21 and 32%); feed conversion ratio (decreased by 20 and 26%); enteric methane production (decreased by 15 and 20%); and the effect of SKAn on percentage composition of acetic acid in the rumen was obvious when the SKAn was combined with Aksapon SR. It is concluded that SKAn with and without Aksapon SR can be used as methanogenesis inhibitor on ruminant animals.   Kata Kunci: Acetoanaerobium noterae, Methane, Methanogenesis Inhibitor, Shee

Technique for preparation of anaerobic microbes: Rodshaped cellulolytic bacteria

Preparation of anaerobic-rod cellulolytic bacteria with coating technique has been conducted. Steps of the processes involved were cultivation, coating, evaporation, and drying. Coating agent used was Gum Arabic, and drying techniquesconducted were freeze drying and sun drying. pH of culture media was firstly optimized to obtain the maximal population ofbacteria. Both coated and uncoated preparates were subjected to drying. Morphological and Gram type identifications showed that uncoated preparate dried with freeze drying is not contaminated (ie. all bacteria are rod shape with Gram-negative type) while the one dried with sun drying is not morphologically pure (ie. containing of both rod and coccus shapes with Gram negative and positive). The coated preparates dried by both freeze and sun drying, were not contaminated (ie. all are rods with Gram-negative). The coating and drying processes decreased viability of preparates significantly. However, the decreasing of viability of coated preparate are lower than uncoated preparate (ie. 89 vs. 97%). Total count of bacteria in sun-drying coated preparate are higher (P0.05) than the uncoated preparate (ie. 3.38 x 1010 vs.  1.97 x 1010 colony/g DM). Activity of sun-drying coated preparate to digest elephant grass and rice straw was higher (P0.01) than the sun-drying uncoated preparate with the in vitro DMD values were 42.7 vs. 35.5% for elephant grass substrate and 29.3 vs. 24.6% for rice straw substrate. Therefore, it is concluded that coating technique has a positive effects on the preparation of rumen bacteria.   Key words : Anaerobic bacteria, coating, dryin

Utilization of complete rumen modifier on sheep fed high fibrous forages.

A research to improve livestock productivity and lower enteric methane production on ruminant was conducted by manipulation approach on rumen system using a complete rumen modifier (CRM). An in vivo experiment was carried out using twenty four sheep ( mean weight 18 kg) which were distributed into 3 treatment groups of feed additive: I. control ( without treatment: K); II: K + CRM-LG; III: K + CRM-EL. Diet given consisted of fermented rice straw (ad libitum) + concentrate containing 16 % protein (400 g/head/day), and drinking water was given ad libitum. The experiment was conducted for 14 weeks based on completely randomized design. By the end of the experiment, animals were placed in the metabolism cages for 2 weeks (ie. 1 week for adaptation and 1 week for data collection). Rumen liquid of each treated animal was taken for the measurement of rumen characteristics. Parameter measuremed were: total gas production; gas composition of CO2 and CH4; in vitro DMD; NH3 and VFA contents; pH; bacterial and protozoal counts; consumption/ DMI; in vivo DMD; ADG and FCR. The results showed that productivity of sheep was improved by CRM treatments followed by lowered enteric methane production. The ADG values of CRM treatments (71.4 to 73.5 g) were significantly higher (P 0.05) than that of control (50 g). The improvement of average daily gain was followed by a better feed conversion (P 0.05) (ie. 10.6 vs. 12.8). The CRM treatments lowered the percentage of CH4 by 24% compared to Control (P 0.05). The total and composition of VFA of CRM-treated rumen liquor were significantly different (P0.05) compared to that of rumen liquor of Control (ie. the total VFA: 85.3 vs 73.5 mM and the percentage of acetic acid: 67.8 vs 60.3%). It is concluded that CRM treatment resulted in positive effects on growth of ruminant fed high fibrous forages such as rice straw and could lower enteric methane production. Key Words: Rumen Modifier, Productivity, Enteric Methane, Sheep, Rice Stra

Study of effectiveness of bacteria isolated from rumen microbes with acetogen medium as methanogenesis inhibitor

Ruminal methanogenesis has disadvantageous effects on ruminant animals and environment of atmosphere. Inhibition of methane produced through reduction of carbondioxide has been conducted by bacteriological approach. The approach involved the isolation of bacteria from rumens of sheep (IBD) and buffalo (IBK) using medium for CO-utilizing acetogens. The isolate of bacterium was multiplied with the usual culture medium and then used as inoculum to degrade a substrate of King grass under constant temperature (390C) for 48 hours. Fresh rumen fluid of sheep (CRDS) was used as comparing inoculum. Measurementswere carbondioxide and methane gasses, pH, volatile fatty acid (VFA) and NH3-N contents, bacterial count, and dry matter digestibility (in vitro DMD). The data measured were analyzed by using completely randomized design. The results showed that morphological cell of IBD was oval pleomorphic with Gram negative type, and cell of IBK was rod with Gram negative type. Percentage of CH4 produced by inoculum of IBD was lower than CRDS but was not significantly different (29.47 vs. 33.07%), while the percentage of methane produced by inoculum of IBK was very significantly lower than CRDS (24.29 vs. 33.07%) (P0.01). Acetate/propionate ratio as a result of substrate fermentation by inoculum of IBD (3.55) and IBK (3.79) were very significantly higher than that of CRDS (2.43) (P0.01). It is concluded from this experiment that isolates used were effective to inhibit the methanogenesis and the species contained in the isolates were indicated to be homoacetogenic bacteria.   Key words: Bacterial isolate, acetogen medium, methanogenesis, inhibito

Digestibility and Methane Emission of Ration Based on Oil Palm By Products Supplemented with Probiotics and Banana Stem: An In vitro Study

Abstract: The objective of the present study was to investigate feed digestibility and methane emissions of ration based on oil palm by-products on addition of probiotics, namely Acetoanaerobium noterae and Saccharomyces cerevisiae and banana stem in vitro. The substrate, i.e., oil palm by-products consisted of oil palm midrib, oil palm leaf, oil palm kernel cake and oil palm sludge in the ratio of 30, 30, 30 and 10%, respectively. The following treatments were tested: control (R0), R0+S. cerevisiae (R1), R0+A. noterae (R2), R0+S. cerevisiae+A. noterae (R3), R0+ banana stem (R4), R0+banana stem+S. cerevisiae (R5), R0+banana stem+A. noterae (R6) and R0+banana stem+S. cerevisiae+A. noterae (R7). The treatments were incubated in vitro with buffered-rumen fluid in four replicates (represented by three incubation units per replicate), conducted for 48 h at 39 C. Gas production and methane emission were measured at regular time point o intervals. After the incubation, digestibility, Volatile Fatty Acids (VFA), ammonia and microbial counts were determined. Results showed that the highest dry matter digestibility was shown by R5 and the best reduction of methane emission was shown by R2 at 12 h of incubation. In conclusion, supplementation of probiotics did not affect the digestibility of ration based on oil palm by-products but A. noterae addition was potential to mitigate ruminal methane emission

Complete Rumen Modifier Supplementation in Corn Cob Silage Basal Diet of Lamb Reduces Methane Emission

Feeding animal with fibrous materials such as corn cob will emit methane. Complete rumen modifier (CRM) is an improved feed additive comprised a mixture of Sapindus rarak, sesbania, albizia leaves and minerals that functions as a methane inhibitor. The study aimed to determine the effect of CRM supplementation on the feed intake, nutrient digestibility, rumen fermentation, methane emission and growth of lambs. The experiment was designed in a complete randomized block, four levels of CRM (0%, 1%, 2%, and 3%), six group of 24 male lambs per treatment based on the body weight. Basal diet used was corn cob silage ad libitum and concentrate (500 g/day) as a supplement. The results showed that CRM supplementation did not affect feed consumption and average daily gain, but significantly decreased the dry matter, as well as organic matter and protein digestibility. The neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) digestibility linearly decreased with increasing level of CRM. Ruminal pH, ammonia concentration and volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentration were not affected by the CRM supplementation. Methane production expressed in kJ/MJ gross energy (GE) or digestible energy (DE) intake significantly decreased by 32% at the 2–3% CRM supplementation and reduced by 39% when methane production was expressed in g/kg digested NDF. It can be concluded that 2% CRM supplementation in the corn cob basal diet did not affect nutrient intake and growth rate of the lamb, as well as rumen fermentation. The study suggests that CRM is an environmentally friendly feed additive for lam

In vitro study of effectiveness of saponin from Sapindus rarak fruit as methanogenesis inhibitor on ruminal digestion system

Methane produced in the rumen system causes the lost of ingested chemical energy, and the methane emitted contributes the greenhouse effect to the atmosphere environment. A study to evaluate the effectiveness of saponin from Sapindus rarak fruit as an inhibitor of ruminal methanogenesis was conducted. The method conducted in this study was a fermentation of a substrate by in vitro technique using rumen fluid (obtained from fistulated sheep) as inoculum. Substrate (king grass) was fermented in anaerobic incubator system at pH of medium 6.9 and temperature of 39°C for 48 hours. Inoculum was supplemented with an ingredient obtained by extraction of Sapindus rarak fruit with methanol (Aksapon SR) and the ones without extraction (lerak powder), and further, these treatments were compared to other methanogenesis inhibitors (i.e. Fe3+, SO4 2– and poly unsaturated longchain fatty acids: PULCFA).The treatments were 1). Inoculum without treatment (K); 2). K + Aksapon SR (80 mg/100 ml); 3). K + lerak powder (160 mg/100 ml); 4). K + Fe3+ (0.8 mg/100 ml); 5. K + SO4 2- (96 mg/100 ml); 6). K + PULCFA (24 mg/100 ml). Measurements conducted were portion of methane, dry matter digestibility (DMD), NH3-N content, microbial population, and volatile fatty acids (VFA). The data measured were analyzed by using completely randomized design. The results of the experiment showed that Aksapon SR was the most effective inhibitor of methanogenesis compared to the others, that is when compared to control, Aksapon SR lowered methane production by 31% (P0.01), and followed by treatments of Fe3+ (22%) (P0.05), lerak powder (21%) (P0.05), PULCFA (11%) (P0.05) and SO4 2–(10%) (P0.05). All additive treatments did not affect the DMD value of the substrate fermented by control inoculum. Compared to control, all treatments lowered the protozoal population where the Aksapon SR gave the strongest effect (1.91 x 105 vs 9.94 x 105 cell/ml), and the decrease of protozoal number in Aksapon SR treatment was followed by the increase of bacterial (4.13 x 109 vs 2.56 x 109 colony/ml). Aksapon SR and SO4 2- did not influence the total VFA production, while lower VFA productions were found on lerak powder and Fe3+ treatments (P0.05), and the reverse effect was shown by PULCFA (P0.05). Acetate/propionate ratio was significantly changed by Aksapon SR and lerak powder treatments (i.e. 1.37 and 1.33 respectively, vs 2.20). In conclusion, Aksapon SR was the most effective methanogenesis inhibitor compared to the others used in this study, and saponin contained in Sapindus rarak fruit could also be used as propionate enhancer.   Key words: Saponin, Sapindus rarak, methanogenesis, inhibito