Uma etnologia dos "índios misturados"? Situação colonial, territorialização e fluxos culturais

Até recentemente os estudos sobre os povos e culturas indígenas do Nordeste brasileiro não constituíram um objeto mais sistemático de investigações, parecendo apenas propiciar uma etnologia secundária e menor. Na visão do autor, isso decorreu da dificuldade de aplicação àquelas culturas dos pressupostos da antropologia americanista, a qual opera com modelos societários que enfatizam a descontinuidade cultural, bem como a objetividade e a exterioridade do observado em face do pesquisador e de sua sociedade. Dialogando com diferentes perspectivas teóricas, o autor delineia ou reelabora algumas noções como, respectivamente, as de "territorialização", "situação colonial", "diáspora" e "viagem da volta" que lhe permitem realizar uma análise compreensiva do processo histórico que veio a transformar tais populações nos grupos étnicos atuais. Sugere, ao final, que os estudos que vêm sendo realizados no Brasil e em diferentes partes do mundo sobre "índios misturados" (isto é, relações interétnicas em áreas de colonização muito antiga) podem contribuir para a construção de uma antropologia mais articulada com a história.<br>Until quite recently, indigenous peoples in the Brazilian Northeast were not the object of systematic investigation, rather appearing to inspire a kind of secondary, lesser ethnology. According to the author, this oversight resulted from a difficulty in applying the premises of Americanist anthropology to such cultures, since the latter operates with societal models emphasizing both cultural discontinuity and the objectivity and externality of the observed vis-à-vis the researcher and his/her society. By establishing a dialogue with different theoretical perspectives, the author delineates or reworks several notions, such as "territorialization", "colonial situation", "diaspora", and "return journey", allowing him to produce a comprehensive analysis of the historical process which turned such populations into the current ethnic groups. Finally, he suggests that studies on "mixed Indians" (i.e., relations between ethnic groups in areas of very old colonization) in Brazil and elsewhere can help construct an anthropology that is better articulated with history

NEOTROPICAL ALIEN MAMMALS: a data set of occurrence and abundance of alien mammals in the Neotropics

Biological invasion is one of the main threats to native biodiversity. For a species to become invasive, it must be voluntarily or involuntarily introduced by humans into a nonnative habitat. Mammals were among first taxa to be introduced worldwide for game, meat, and labor, yet the number of species introduced in the Neotropics remains unknown. In this data set, we make available occurrence and abundance data on mammal species that (1) transposed a geographical barrier and (2) were voluntarily or involuntarily introduced by humans into the Neotropics. Our data set is composed of 73,738 historical and current georeferenced records on alien mammal species of which around 96% correspond to occurrence data on 77 species belonging to eight orders and 26 families. Data cover 26 continental countries in the Neotropics, ranging from Mexico and its frontier regions (southern Florida and coastal-central Florida in the southeast United States) to Argentina, Paraguay, Chile, and Uruguay, and the 13 countries of Caribbean islands. Our data set also includes neotropical species (e.g., Callithrix sp., Myocastor coypus, Nasua nasua) considered alien in particular areas of Neotropics. The most numerous species in terms of records are from Bos sp. (n = 37,782), Sus scrofa (n = 6,730), and Canis familiaris (n = 10,084); 17 species were represented by only one record (e.g., Syncerus caffer, Cervus timorensis, Cervus unicolor, Canis latrans). Primates have the highest number of species in the data set (n = 20 species), partly because of uncertainties regarding taxonomic identification of the genera Callithrix, which includes the species Callithrix aurita, Callithrix flaviceps, Callithrix geoffroyi, Callithrix jacchus, Callithrix kuhlii, Callithrix penicillata, and their hybrids. This unique data set will be a valuable source of information on invasion risk assessments, biodiversity redistribution and conservation-related research. There are no copyright restrictions. Please cite this data paper when using the data in publications. We also request that researchers and teachers inform us on how they are using the data