Avaliação de fontes de selênio e seus efeitos no perfil metabólico e condição reprodutiva de cães

O objetivo do trabalho foi comparar a biodisponibilidade e os efeitos antioxidantes de fontes de selênio na forma orgânica e inorgânica em dietas para cães. Foram utilizados 24 cães machos da raça Beagle distribuídos em três tratamentos: controle (TC-0,11 ppm de Se), inorgânico (TI-0,30 ppm de Se na forma de selenito de sódio) e orgânico (TO-0,30 ppm de Se na forma de seleno levedura). O experimento seguiu um delineamento em blocos casualizados com medidas repetidas no tempo, os animais foram blocados por idade. Os animais foram mantidos por 10 dias em gaiolas metabólicas e submetidos à coleta total de fezes e urina, e mais 70 dias em baias para demais análises. Nas amostras de ração, fezes, urina e pêlos foram feitas análises de selênio. No sangue total foi determinada a atividade da GSH-Px e no 11º dia do experimento foi realizada a curva pós-prandial de absorção de selênio, até doze horas após a ingestão das dietas. O status oxidativo e a capacidade antioxidante foram avaliados no soro sanguíneo através da metodologia de TBARS (substâncias reativas ao ácido tiobarbitúrico) e a capacidade antioxidante total (TAC), respectivamente. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância e as médias comparadas pelo teste de Tukey (P≤0,05). Para as varáveis ingestão de Se, excreção de Se nas fezes e retenção de Se o os animais do TC apresentaram menores valores quando comparados aos animais do TI e TO (P≤0,05). Não houve diferença para a excreção urinária e biodisponibilidade. Houve efeito de período para a concentração de selênio no plasma sanguíneo ocorrendo aumento para todos os animais. As concentrações de Se no pêlo dos animais dos grupos TI e TO foram maiores que as do TC ao final do experimento (P≤0,05). A área abaixo da curva do Se plasmático dos animais TO foi maior do que as dos demais, mostrando uma maior absorção...The aim of this study was to compare the bioavailability of organic and inorganic selenium sources and their antioxidants functions in diets to dogs. Twentyfour male dogs were used and distributed in three treatments: control (TC-0,11 ppm of Se), inorganic (TI-0,30 ppm of sodium selenito) and organic (TO-0,30 ppm of Sel- Plex®). The experimental design was in a randomized blocks, the blocking factor was age. The experimental period was 80 days, the selenium balance trial was conducted at the first 10 days then the animals were transferred to kennels and the experiment lasted more 70 days. Feces, hair, urine, blood plasma and food were analyzed for selenium concentrations. The GSH-Px was determined in whole blood and at the 11th day a curve of selenium plasmatic absorption was conducted, the samples of blood plasma were obtained each 2 hours after feeding per 12 hours. The methodologies to access oxidative stress and antioxidant capacity were TBARS and total antioxidant capacity, respectively. The results were performed by analysis of variance and the means were compared by Tukey test (P≤0.05). For Se intake, fecal excretion of Se and Se retention, dogs from TC group showed lower values then TI and TO animals. There were no difference for urinary excretion of Se and Se bioavailability. For Se concentration in blood plasma the animals showed a higher value within 80 days even for animals from TC group. The concentration of selenium in hair increased within 80 days for animals from the TI and TO group. TO group had the major area under the curve differing statistically from the others groups showing a better absorption. The supplemented groups had the better values for GSH-Px activity. However, there were no significant differences among treatments for TBARS. For TAC there were no differences among the treatments, but during the experimental time the TAC values increased... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP

Ações antioxidantes e imunológicas do selênio em cães

The aims of this study were to evaluate the effects of selenium sources and levels on the immune response of adult dogs. Treatments were: CO - control diet with sodium selenite addition, totalizing 0.13 ppm of Se; SO33 - control diet + Se-yeast, totalizing 0.33 ppm of Se; SO66 - control diet + Se-yeast, totalizing 0.66 ppm of Se; and SO99 - control diet + Se-yeast, totalizing 0.99 ppm of Se; SI66 - control diet + sodium selenite, totalizing 0.66 ppm of Se. Animals underwent though an adaptation period of 90 days and received the CO diet; the experimental phase lasted 120 days when animals received the tested diets and samples were taken. Blood samples were collected on days 0, 30, 60, 90 e 120 of experimental phase to identify the leukocyte population (IF), to determine the phagocyte activity (FA) of neutrophils and monocytes, the proliferation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PIMC), the production of reactive oxygen (ROS) and nitrogen (NOS) intermediate species. Serum samples were also taken at 5, 10, 15 and 20 days after SRBC solution inoculation to determine the levels of IgG and IgM anti-SBRC. Fresh stool were obtained to evaluate the fecal IgA on days 0 and 120. Delayed-type hypersensitivity skin test (DTH) was conducted with the animals on day 120. The PICM reduced within time for all treatments, but on day 120th SO33-fed animals had the higher proliferation than the other treatments (P<0.05). The FA of neutrophils and monocytes was lower at 120th (P<0.0001) and a trend was observed for higher AF of neutrophils from SO33-fed dogs (P=0.0863). The population of CD5+ lymphocytes increased after 60 days and there was a trend for higher CD5+CD8+ lymphocytes count for animals fed CO, SO99 and SI66. The CD4+/CD5+ ratio was higher for animals fed SO33 and SO66 (P<0.0001). The values of IgG, IgM, IgA, ROS and NOS, and the DTH response were not influenced by treatments. Dose of ...Os objetivos do trabalho foram avaliar o efeito de níveis e fontes de selênio na resposta imune de cães adultos, para isto cinco dietas foram avaliadas. Os tratamentos foram: CO - dieta basal com adição de selenito de sódio, totalizando 0,13 ppm de Se; SO33 - dieta basal + Se-levedura totalizando 0,33 ppm de Se; SO66 - dieta basal + Se-levedura totalizando 0,66 ppm de Se; SO99 - dieta basal + Se-levedura totalizando 0,99 ppm de Se; SI66 - dieta basal + selenito de sódio totalizando 0,66 ppm de Se. Os animais foram submetidos a um período de adaptação de 90 dias com a ração CO seguidos de 120 dias de fase experimental e recebendo as dietas testes, totalizando 210 dias. Amostras de sangue foram colhidas nos dias 0, 30, 60, 90 e 120 da fase experimental para: imunofenotipagem de leucócitos (IF), atividade fagocítica (AF) de monócitos e neutrófilos, índice de proliferação de células mononucleares do sangue periférico (IPCM), produção de intermediários reativos do oxigênio (H2O2) e do nitrogênio (NO-3). Para a determinação de anticorpos IgG e IgM específicos contra eritrócito de carneiro (SRBC) foram coletadas amostras de sangue 5, 10, 15 e 20 dias após inoculações de soluções de SRBC que ocorreram nos dias 60 e 90 da fase experimental. Fezes frescas foram colhidas para determinação da IgA fecal nos dias 0 e 120, e foi realizado o teste de hipersensibilidade cutânea tardia (DTH) aos 120 dias. O IPCM diminuiu em todos os tratamentos ao longo do experimento, porém aos 120 dias os animais do tratamento SO33 apresentaram a maior IPCM comparado aos demais (P<0,05). A AF de neutrófilos e monócitos foi menor aos 120 dias (P<0,0001) e houve tendência de maior AF por neutrófilos nos cães suplementados com 0,33 ppm de Se orgânico (P=0,0863). O número de linfócitos CD5+ aumentou após 60 dias de experimento para todos os tratamentos. Houve uma tendência para maior ..

Effects of the solubility of yeast cell wall preparations on their potential prebiotic properties in dogs.

Derivatives of yeast cell wall (YCW) have been studied for their potential prebiotic effects. Recently, new purified and soluble preparations have been developed in an attempt to increase their biological actions. Two YCW preparations, one conventional and another with higher solubility of the mannan oligosaccharide fraction, were evaluated on dogs. One food formulation was used, divided into the following treatments: CON-control, without yeast cell wall addition; YCW-addition of 0.3% of a conventional yeas cell wall extract; YCWs-addition of 0.3% of a yeast cell wall extract with high mannan oligosaccharide solubility. Twenty-four beagle dogs were used, eight per food, distributed on a block design. Blocks lasted 32 days, and TNF-a, IL-6, IL-10, ex vivo production of hydrogen peroxide and nitric oxide by peripheral neutrophils and monocytes, phagocytic index, and fecal IgA were evaluated at the beginning and end of each period. Additionally, nutrient digestibility, feces production and quality, and fermentation products were quantified. The results were evaluated by analysis of variance and compared using the Tukey test (P<0.05), using the basal immunological parameters as a covariate. The inclusion of YCWs reduced fat digestibility (P<0.05), increased the concentration of butyrate and putrescine, and reduced lactate in feces (P<0.05), showing that mannan oligosaccharide solubilization resulted in higher fermentation of this compound and altered the metabolism of the gut microbiota. Lower IL-6 on serum was verified for dogs fed the YCWs diet (P<0.05), suggesting a reduction in the inflammatory activity of dogs. Higher phagocytic index was verified for peripheral monocytes after the intake of the YCW food, suggesting better innate immunity. In conclusion, the solubilization of the mannooligosaccharide fraction alters its interaction with gut microbiota and biological actions in animals, although both yeast cell wall preparations exhibited prebiotic effects on dogs

Old beagle dogs have lower faecal concentrations of some fermentation products and lower peripheral lymphocyte counts than young adult beagles

The effects of age on microbiota composition, gut fermentation end-product formation and peripheral lymphocyte numbers were compared between old and young adult Beagle dogs fed four kibble diets differing in yeast cell wall contents. The experiment had a double 4 x 4 Latin square design, one with four mature dogs (4 years old) and the other with four old dogs (10 years old), with four replicates (diets) per dog. In each period a 15d adaptation period preceded a 5d total collection of faeces for the digestibility trial. on day 21, fresh faecal samples were collected for the determination of bacterial enumeration, pH, biogenic amine and short-chain fatty acid. Flow cytometry was used for immunophenotypic evaluation. Dogs were fed four kibble diets with similar composition with 0, 0.15, 0.30 and 0.45% of yeast cell wall (as-fed), respectively. Data were evaluated using general linear models of Statistical Analysis Systems statistical software (P<0.05). No evidence of a difference in faecal bacteria counts between ages was found (total aerobes, total anaerobes, Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus, Clostridium and Escherichia coli: P. 0.15). Faecal concentrations of butyrate, histamine, agmatine and spermine were lower (P <= 0.05) and faecal pH was higher (P=0.03) in older dogs than in mature adult dogs, suggesting an alteration in bacterial metabolic activity, or in the rate of intestinal absorption of these compounds. Concentrations of T-lymphocytes, T-cytotoxic lymphocytes and B-lymphocytes were also lower (P <= 0.01) in older dogs than in mature adult dogs. The study confirmed alterations in peripheral lymphocytes and revealed a reduced concentration of some fermentation end products in the colon of old dogs

Starch and fibre intake and glucose postprandial response of dogs

ABSTRACT: Fibre has been studied to reduce the postprandial glucose response of dogs, but the results are inconsistent. Starch intake, however, was not properly considered in the published studies. The effects of starch and fibre intake on the postprandial glucose response were studied in non-obese adult dogs. Cellulose (CEL), carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), pea fibre (PE) and sugarcane fibre (SCF) were combined to form six diets with starch contents ranging from 33% to 42%: SCF+CEL and PE+CEL diets, both with high insoluble fibre (IF=22%) and low soluble fibre (SF=2.5%) content; SCF+CMC and PE+CMC diets with high SF (SF=4.5%; IF=19%) content; and CMC and CEL diets with low dietary fibre (14%) content. The diets were fed in two amounts, providing an intake of 9.5g or 12.5g of starch (kg0.75)-1 day-1, totaling 12 treatments. Each diet was fed to six dogs conditioned to consume all of the daily food in 10min. Their plasma glucose levels were measured before and during 480min after food intake. Results of fibre and starch intake and their interactions were compared by repeated measures ANOVA and the Tukey test (P<0.05). Fibre intake did not change the glucose postprandial responses (P>0.05). High-dose starch intake, however, induced a higher glycaemia at 180 and 240min after the meal and a greater maximal glycaemia and greater area under the glucose curve (P<0.05). A range in insoluble and soluble fibre intake does not change postprandial glucose response, and the amount of starch intake is a main factor for the postprandial glucose response of healthy non-obese dogs

Enhancing Weaned Piglet Health and Performance: The Role of Autolyzed Yeast (<i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i>) and β-Glucans as a Blood Plasma Alternative in Diets

The objective of this study was to evaluate the inclusion of the autolyzed yeast (AY) Saccharomyces cerevisiae with or without an immunomodulator (1,3/1,6 β-glucans) as a total/partial substitute for blood plasma (BP) in the diet of post-weaning piglets; zootechnical performance, intestinal health and microbiota, immune responses and energy metabolism were assessed. A total of 240 castrated male and female piglets, with a mean age of 22 days and mean initial weight of 5.24 ± 0.82 kg, were randomly divided into blocks of four treatments with 12 replicates. The dietary inclusions were blood plasma (BP), autolyzed yeast (AY), autolyzed yeast + immunomodulator (AYI) and 50% BP and 50% AY (BPAY). In pre-initial phase II (29–35 days), piglets fed AY showed better feed conversion (FCR = 1.358) than the piglets in the BP (1.484), AYI (1.379) and BPAY (1.442) groups, i.e., 8.49% (0.126), 1.52% (0.021) and 4.50% (0.084), respectively (p = 0.0293). In the total period (21–42 days), better FCR was observed in the AYI (1.458) group, i.e., 4.64% (0.071), 1.15% (0.017) and 4.58% (0.070), than in the BP (1.529), AY (1.475) and BPAY (1.528) groups, respectively (p = 0.0150). In piglets fed AY (n = 3) and BPAY (n = 2), there was a reduction in the number of medications, i.e., 82.35% (−14n) and 88.23% (−15n), respectively (p = 0.0001), compared with that in the BP group (n = 17). In the AY group (73.83 mg/dL), AYI group (69.92 mg/dL), and BPAY group (69.58 mg/dL), piglets exhibited increases in triglyceride levels of 79.32%, 69.83%, and 69.00%, respectively, in comparison to those in the BP group, which had triglyceride levels of 41.17 mg/dL (p = 0.0400). The beta-hydroxybutyrate concentration in the AY group (79.96 ng/μL) was lower by 31.95%, 22.64%, and 5.89% compared to the BP group (117.50 ng/μL), AYI group (103.36 ng/μL), and BPAY group (84.67 ng/μL), respectively (p = 0.0072). In the AYI group, there was modulation of the microbiota, with an increase in the relative abundance of bacteria of the genera Lactobacillus, Collinsella and Bulleidia. AY, associated or not associated with an immunomodulator, is a potential substitute for BP in diets for piglets in the nursery phase, with positive effects on immune, metabolic, and intestinal microbial performance

Ácidos graxos no desempenho e nas respostas imunológicas de bovinos Nelore confinados

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos da adi&#231;&#227;o de fontes de lip&#237;deos naturais e protegidos no desempenho e nas respostas imunol&#243;gicas de bovinos Nelore em confinamento. Utilizou-se o delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado com medidas repetidas no tempo e tr&#234;s tratamentos, que foram: sem fonte adicional de lip&#237;deo (CONTR); com fonte de lip&#237;deo natural (torta de algod&#227;o) (GDESP); e com fonte de lip&#237;deo protegido e rico em &#225;cidos graxos poli-insaturados (GPROT). O estudo foi dividido em duas fases: pr&#233;-condicionamento e confinamento de 120 bovinos Nelore inteiros (24 baias, 5 animais por baia e 8 repeti&#231;&#245;es por tratamento). O tratamento GDESP proporcionou maior ganho de peso na fase de pr&#233;-condicionamento, e, durante o per&#237;odo de confinamento, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as entre os tratamentos quanto ao desempenho, &#224;s caracter&#237;sticas de carca&#231;a e ao acometimento de enfermidades. As concentra&#231;&#245;es plasm&#225;ticas de TNF&#945;, IL-1&#946;, haptoglobina e ceruloplasmina foram superiores no tratamento CONTR. A adi&#231;&#227;o de lip&#237;deos &#224; dieta, independentemente da fonte, promove melhora no desempenho e nos par&#226;metros imunol&#243;gicos de bovinos Nelore confinados