A millimeter-wave diode-MMIC chipset for local oscillator generation in the ALMA telescope

A set of MMIC frequency multipliers and balanced mixers have been designed for the local oscillator system of the Atacama large millimeter array (ALMA). These millimeter-wave elements form a critical link in the active multiplier chains between the relatively low frequency microwave oscillators and the very high frequency submillimeter-wave, cooled multipliers of the LO subsystem. A complete chipset for four frequency bands is described, along with preliminary results on prototypes for two additional bands

Body Condition Scoring for Horses

Horse enthusiasts are often concerned about their horse’s health, appearance and performance. A major key to accomplishing these three goals is to keep your horse at a desirable body condition, or degree of fat cover. However, being able to accurately evaluate a horse to tell if they are over or underweight has been a subjective practice for many years. As with all aspects of horse ownership, horse owners have different opinions on what is an ideal body weight for an individual horse. Also, because horses come in all shapes and sizes, many horse owners are not able to objectively evaluate the body condition of their horse. This fact sheet describes the Henneke Body Condition Scoring syste

Evaluating 51 Years of the High School Range Camp

Established in 1973 by Utah State University (USU) Extension and the Utah Society for Range Management, Utah’s high school Range Camp has provided students with immersive experiences in sustainable rangeland practices for over five decades. Survey findings revealed that the camp had a significant impact on the educational paths and careers of the youth. Many participants continued to apply what they learned, demonstrating the camp’s lasting impact. Ongoing efforts focus on improving data collection, monitoring FFA competition performance, and expanding recruitment. Range Camp effectively guides youth toward higher education and careers related to the range while promoting responsible rangeland management

Understanding Free-Roaming Horse Conflicts with Wildlife in the Great Basin

Horses and burros were introduced to North America in the 1600s with European missionaries and explorers. Over time, abandoned and released horses and burros formed herds and by the time European-American settlers began to explore North America in the 1700s, these free-roaming horses and burros had adapted to their habitat and been incorporated into Native American culture. By the mid-1900s, most Americans considered these horses as wild and symbols of freedom and beauty. In 1971, Congress passed the Wild and Free-Roaming Horses and Burros Act (Public Law 73-482) to provide federal protection for free-roaming horses and burros (also known as wild horses and burros) in the western United States. In 1978, the Act was amended (Public Law 95-514) to require the Bureau of Land Management (BLM) to “determine appropriate management levels (AMLs) for wild horses and burros on [designated] public lands.” The Bureau of Land Management set AML at 26,715 wild horses and burros on 29 million acres of public land across 10 western states. The U.S. Forest Service was also tasked with managing over 7,100 wild horses and 900 burros on 53 wild horse territories (USFS, 2020). Managing free-roaming horses and burros on public lands has its challenges. In this article, we explain some of the potential conflicts free-roaming horses create with native wildlife on western public lands

Grazing and Harvest Efficiency of Forage by Cattle on Western Rangelands

This fact sheet provides guidelines for land managers to reach an appropriate level of utilization that increases animal and rangeland health