8 research outputs found

    Risk assessment of foot and mouth disease in the border between Brazil and Paraguay : a geographical approach

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    La fièvre aphteuse (FA) est l'une des maladies infectieuses les plus importantes qui affectent les animaux biongulés. Le Brésil est libre avec vaccination depuis 2001, mais en 2005, une épidémie est survenue à la frontière entre le Brésil et le Paraguay. Identifier les exploitations agricoles ou des espaces géographiques qui sont le plus à risque de fièvre aphteuse en particulier dans les régions frontalières est l'un des principaux objectifs du service vétérinaire officiel du Brésil et aussi d'autres pays d'Amérique du Sud. Les indicateurs utilisés par le gouvernement brésilien pour indentifier les zones à risque de fièvre aphteuse prennent en considération essentiellement des informations au niveau du troupeau (structure du troupeau, la présence de jeunes animaux, rapport vache / veau, etc.). Dans ce contexte, l'objectif principal de notre recherche est d'élaborer un cadre pour l'évaluation des risques de fièvre aphteuse à la frontière entre le Brésil et le Paraguay prenant en compte les aspects géographiques liés aux systèmes de production. Afin d'atteindre cet objectif, l'étude a été divisée en trois articles. Le premier article dresse un aperçu concernant les pratiques d'hygiène et de contrôle de la FA dans cette zone particulière. Quatre-vingt-sept agriculteurs ont été interrogés sur cinq thèmes principaux: la caractérisation des agriculteurs, les indicateurs sanitaires, la vaccination de la fièvre aphteuse, la circulation des personnes et des animaux ainsi que l'opinion des agriculteurs sur les risques d'introduction de la FA. Les résultats montrent que les agriculteurs sont conscients de leur rôle dans le combat contre la fièvre aphteuse. Il montre également que les agriculteurs, surtout les petits, ont besoin d'être mieux soutenus. Ils n'ont toujours pas de contrôle sanitaire formel. Ils ont besoin de formation et d’un constant soutien. Même si cette région a le même statut sanitaire que le reste du Mato Grosso do Sul, qui est libre de fièvre aphteuse avec vaccination, le contrôle et les différentes mesures sanitaires doivent se poursuivre. Le deuxième article explore la possibilité d'utiliser la télédétection pour cartographier et pour surveiller les zones de pâturage afin d’établir des modèles localisés de prédiction de densité de bétail. Un modèle statistique afin de prédire le nombre de bovins en fonction de la superficie de pâturage déclarée par les agriculteurs, a été réalisé sur la base de données officielle concernant l'élevage de la zone d‘étude. Finalement, ce modèle a été appliqué aux zones de pâturage détectées par classification orientée objet pour prédire la densité bovine. Les résultats indiquent que la méthodologie utilisée pour estimer la densité du bétail peut être utilisée dans des régions où l'information sur l'emplacement et la densité de ferme d'élevage est inexistante. Dans le troisième article, nous avons testé l'approche à majorité floue d’analyse multicritère de décision basée sur un système d’information geographique (SIG - AMC) afin de déterminer les zones à risque d'introduction de la FA. Deux scénarios ont été comparés, le premier basé sur la ferme (où l'information officielle est disponible) et le second basé sur la télédétection (où seulement l'information géographique est disponible). Les cartes obtenues mettent en évidence la forte hétérogénéité spatiale du risque d'introduction de la FA. Une corrélation positive a été observée entre les scénarios basés sur la ferme et les scénarios basés sur la télédétection. Cette étude fournit un cadre alternatif pour détecter les zones à risque de FA et de cette manière pour renforcer les mesures sanitaires brésiliennes. Il a également un grand potentiel pour être extrapolé à d'autres régions ayant des caractéristiques similaires mais où des informations au niveau du troupeau sont rares, ou inexistantes, comme d'autres régions reculées du Brésil ou d'autres pays d'Amérique du Sud Mots-clés : régions frontalières, analyse multicritère à la décision, télédétection, analyse de risques de fièvre aphteuseFoot and mouth disease (FMD) is one of the most important infectious diseases that can affect cloven hoofed animals. Brazil is free with vaccination since 2001, but in 2005 an outbreak occurred in the border between Brazil and Paraguay. Identifying farms or geographic spaces that are more at risk of FMD, especially in border regions, is one of the main goals of official veterinary service from Brazil and other South American countries. Indicators used by the Brazilian government to indentify FMD risk areas takes into consideration basic information at herd level. For these reasons, the principal objective of this research was to elaborate a framework for FMD risk assessment in the frontier between Brazil and Paraguay that takes in account geographic aspects associated with production systems information. In order to accomplish this objective, the study was divided in three articles. The first article draws an overview regarding sanitary practices and FMD control in this particular zone. Eighty seven farmers were interviewed regarding five main subjects: farmers’ characterization, sanitary indicators, FMD disease vaccination, people and animal movements and farmer’s opinions about FMD risks of introduction. The results show that farmers are conscious of their roles in FMD control. It also shows that among small farmers there is a need to be better assisted. Such farmers lack formal sanitary controls and they need constant training and support. Even if this region has the same sanitary status as the rest of Mato Grosso do Sul State (which is FMD free with vaccination), differentiated sanitary measures and control should continue. The second article explores the potential use of remote sensing to map and monitor pasture areas and to establish models for predicting cattle density and location. A statistical model to predict numbers of cattle in function of declared pasture area by the farmers was produced on the basis of Brazilian official livestock databases for the studied area. Finally, this model was applied to the pasture areas detected by oriented based classification to predict cattle density. The results indicate that the methodology used for estimating cattle density has the potential to be applied in regions where no information about farm location and cattle density exists. In the third article the fuzzy majority approach for GIS based multicriteria decision analysis (GIS – MCDA) was tested to determine risk areas of FMD introduction. Two main scenarios were compared: a farm-based one (where official information is available) and a remote sensing-based one (where only geographic information is available). Resulting maps highlighted a strong spatial heterogeneity in the risk of FMD introduction. A positive correlation was observed between farm-based scenarios and remote sensing-based scenarios. This study provides an alternative framework to detect areas of higher risk of FMD and by this way reinforce Brazilian sanitary measures. It also has great potential to be extrapolated for other regions with similar characteristics but where information at herd level are sparse or inexistent such as remote regions of Brazil and other South American countries. Key-words: border regions, multicriteria decision analysis, remote sensing, FMD risk assessment

    Mapeamento do risco de introdução da febre aftosa na fronteira do Brasil com o Paraguai

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    The objective of this work was to apply fuzzy majority multicriteria group decision‑making to determine risk areas for foot‑and‑mouth disease (FMD) introduction along the border between Brazil and Paraguay. The study was conducted in three municipalities in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil, located along the border with Paraguay. Four scenarios were built, applying the following linguistic quantifiers to describe risk factors: few, half, many, and most. The three criteria considered to be most likely to affect the vulnerability to introduction of FMD, according to experts’ opinions, were: the introduction of animals in the farm, the distance from the border, and the type of property settlements. The resulting maps show a strong spatial heterogeneity in the risk of FMD introduction. The used methodology brings out a new approach that can be helpful to policy makers in the combat and eradication of FMD.O objetivo deste trabalho foi aplicar a metodologia de análise multicritério difusa para tomada de decisões em grupo, para determinar áreas de risco de introdução da febre aftosa na fronteira do Brasil com o Paraguai. O estudo foi conduzido em três municípios do Estado do Mato Grosso do Sul, localizados na fronteira com o Paraguai. Quatro cenários foram construídos, tendo-se aplicado os seguintes quantificadores linguísticos para descrever os fatores de risco: poucos, metade, muitos e maioria. Os três critérios considerados mais prováveis de influenciar a vulnerabilidade à introdução da febre aftosa, de acordo com a opinião dos especialistas, foram: a introdução de animais na fazenda, a distância da fronteira e a existência do tipo de propriedade assentamentos. Os mapas resultantes mostram uma forte heterogeneidade espacial no risco de introdução da febre aftosa. A metodologia utilizada traz uma nova abordagem que pode auxiliar políticas públicas no combate e na erradicação da febre aftosa

    Follicular dynamics and production of oocytes in young Nellore heifers with energetic supplementation

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    To verify the effects of energy supplementation and fat on follicular dynamics, metabolic profile and the production of oocytes, 15 young heifers (Bos taurus indicus) with an average age of 14 months and with an initial weight of 256.35 kg were assigned to two treatments according to weight and follicular population as evaluated by ultrasonography: in T1 (1.0 × M), animals received 100% of the energy requirements for maintenance; in T2 (1.7 × M), animals received 170% of the energy requirements for maintenance, achieved by the addition of 200 g of Megalac®. After a period of adaptation to the diet, the treatments, blood collection and follicular aspirations were started using a randomized design. The dry matter intake and weight gain were lower in the 1.0 × M group than in the 1.7 × M group. No differences were found in the plasma progesterone concentrations, albumin, glucose, urea or gonadotropin (FSH and LH) levels between the groups. The mean concentrations of cholesterol were higher in the 1.7 × M group. The total number of small (<4 mm) and medium follicles (4-8 mm) was not altered by the treatments, but the number of small follicles increased on days 1 and 2 of the estrous cycle, with higher values found in the 1.7 × M group. The average of the oocytes also increased (9.50±2.1 and 12.5±4.4 for the 1.0 × M and 1.7 × M groups, respectively). The rapid increase in the amount of energy offered in the diet changes the amount of follicles and oocytes available for follicular aspiration (OPU) in young heifers without changing their metabolic profile

    Ser e tornar-se professor: práticas educativas no contexto escolar

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    Núcleos de Ensino da Unesp: artigos 2009

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    Núcleos de Ensino da Unesp: artigos 2008

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    Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq
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