Four Flats Correspondence

Letter detailing the business of the Four Flats joining World Vision, 1956.https://digitalcommons.georgefox.edu/fourflats_papers/1054/thumbnail.jp

LIFE CYCLE OF BRAZILIAN CITIES

Brazilian cities usually have the full cycle of birth, growth, decline - and sometimes disappearance or recuperation- within short periods of time, sometimes less than a century old. The text looks at several situations, Londrina (Paraná), founded in 1929, Sinop (Mato Grosso), 1974, Ouro Preto (Minas Gerais, 1711), and Paraty (Rio de Janeiro, 1597). Amongst the establishment of state capitals, we have chosen the examples of Belo Horizonte (1897) and Palmas (1989), and at the national scale, the case of Brasília (Federal District), founded in 1960.   Key-words: Life cycle. Brazilian cities. Foundation, growth, decline.As cidades brasileiras costumam ter o ciclo completo de nascimento, crescimento, declínio – e às vezes desaparecimento ou recuperação – em curtos períodos de tempo, às vezes menos de um século. O texto analisa várias situações, Londrina (Paraná), fundada em 1929, Sinop (Mato Grosso), fundada em 1974, Ouro Preto (Minas Gerais), de 1711 e Paraty (Rio de Janeiro), de 1597. Dentre a criação de capitais de estados, escolhemos os exemplos de Belo Horizonte (1897) e Palmas (1989) e, no âmbito nacional, o caso de Brasília (Distrito Federal), fundada em 1960.   Palavras-chave: Ciclo de vida. Cidades brasileiras. Fundação, crescimento, declínio

La coopération culturelle française dans le monde

L'étude de la répartition mondiale des crédits de la coopération culturelle française (éducative, linguistique, scientifique et technique) révèle que les deux ministères concernés, le ministère des Affaires étrangères et le ministère de la Coopération, donnent encore la priorité aux pays qui ont eu des liens historiques avec la France, mais que des stratégies plus originales apparaissent pour certains secteurs

Chacun voit midi à sa porte

Regarder la Terre sous des angles inhabituels pourrait nous aider à mieux comprendre le point de vue des autres. Des cartes dessinées en utilisant le logiciel Concepts Computerized Atlas montrent ce que l'on verrait depuis un satellite situé à la verticale de diverses villes du Monde et au-dessus de divers points du territoire français

Modélisation graphique et analyse régionale. Une méthode et un exemple

L'article présente une voie de recherche nouvelle en géographie régionale, ouverte par une équipe rassemblée autour de Roger Brunet et du GIP (groupement d'intérêt public) Reclus. La détection des chorèmes (les structures élémentaires de l'espace social) et des chorotypes (les combinaisons les plus fréquemment rencontrées de ces chorèmes), permet de réintroduire dans la géographie régionale le souci des régularités, des règles et des lois qui en était trop souvent absent, et de rendre compte, en s'y référant, des singularités locales. À partir d'une étude de l'espace brésilien une méthode de travail est analysée, qui est à la fois un axe de recherche et un support de communication.The paper proposes a new method of research in regional geography which was initiated by the GIP Reclus team, headed by Roger Brunet. The search for choremes (the basic structures of social space) and chorotypes (recurrent combinaisons of choremes) allows research in regional geography to focus again on regularly recurring patterns, a somewhat neglected direction, and thus to account for specific local factors. Starting from a number of regional examples (notably that of Brazil) a method of analysis in examined, which provides both a direction for research and a communication medium

Des comptoirs littoraux au continent, la poussée pionnière brésilienne

Deux séries de cartes extraites de l’Atlas nacional do Brasil, publié par l’IBGE en 1992, montrent l’ampleur et la rapidité de la conquête pionnière qui a transformé l’intérieur du pays, alors que pendant des siècles le Brésil «utile» s’était réduit à un mince liséré côtier

A Semiotic Approach to Conflict Transformation: Can Signs and Symbols Help Make Peace?

Religion has always had the ability to play a major role in peacemaking and conflict transformation. But over the years, the power of religion to engender peace and to have an active voice in community issues has been lost on many secular theorists who see religion as one of the major reasons for lack of peace in the world. So, reclaiming the voice of religion in a pluralistic world is needed. Religious voices could have a positive impact in transforming conflict and bringing peace. Judaism, Christianity, and Islam are monotheistic religions that are also the Abrahamic faiths. This is a designation that captures the essence of these faiths, most notably their shared affirmation of a single God. “They characteristically proclaim God as the creator and the sovereign ruler of the universe—its past, present, and future. God not only transcends human understanding, but also uses human language to reveal God’s will and ways to us. These religions also proclaim that God speaks through the prophets and set forth the holy books as the treasure chest of their revelations. Not only a belief in one God but faith in the creator God, binds together the Abrahamic religions.” In the context of today’s spiritual need and conflicts, the Abrahamic faiths should unite towards peacemaking, setting aside any competition with one another. They must work in harmony, cooperating in the genuine spirit of service to humanity given the common understanding of being heirs of Abraham. Only then can they influence the opinions of the masses and truly educate the people toward peacemaking. Their religious instructions and beliefs continue to remain the lifeblood of society’s moral ethos. “Not only do these religions teach virtue, but they also have been a bedrock for moral action.” As a result, “religion plays an essential role in society and should give attention to the role of being peacemakers. It is certain that Christians, Jews, and Muslims will readily agree that God alone is sovereign;” however, relinquishing the idea of sovereignty to other religions is a bit more complex. For the sake of humanity and the cause of peace, guided by a genuine feeling of love and brotherhood, religious leaders from each of the Abrahamic faiths have to stretch out their hands in friendship to one another and the people of Rockford, Illinois, irrespective of race or creed, with a desire to work for peace in Rockford. Like other cosmopolitan cities in America and around the world, Rockford’s Abrahamic faiths coexist side by side. Much work has been done in Rockford so that they not only coexist, but have taken to making religion a vehicle for peacemaking. Rockfordians did not seek individual or group protection through ironclad religious identities, but have chosen to enjoy a variety of spiritual gifts, focusing on goals, not creeds. While the individual beliefs of each faith are important, one rule—based on the understanding that no one may attack another religion—is honored. Unity exists for the sake of peace. Such understanding fuels our hopes for working together as diverse religious groups. We might not otherwise have done so since each religion exclusively claims to be the conduit to peacemaking. The Christian tradition makes Abraham the patriarch and recipient of the original covenant from God, whereas Jesus is seen as the one who makes the second covenant possible. In the Islamic culture and religion, the same Abraham is regarded as a prophet and a messenger of God who had an unwavering faith and steadfast monotheism. Jews attest to the Israelites as the descendants of Abraham, according to their scriptures. In response to these differences, a Rockford unity group coordinated by the Center for Nonviolence and Conflict Transformation (CNCT) called for a rally that began with Muslims, Christians, and Jews sharing stories from their religious traditions on how peacemaking takes place. These acts of storytelling and listening to each other’s stories opened up new vistas for attendees to understand each other. The storytelling sessions went from one house of worship to the other—mosques, churches, and synagogues alike—with several speakers from the diverse backgrounds of these faiths. It culminated in a resolve to work together toward peacemaking and conflict transformation that is backed up by actionable steps. According to the New York Times in November 2016, nationally there has been 67 percent increase in hate crimes against Muslims and Jews. The focus of the unity group is to defeat discrimination against minority groups. The rallies provided the platform for an interface aimed at showing support to all groups that felt threatened, and brought them together regardless of race, ethnicity, or creed

Le système de villes, fondement de l'organisation territoriale ? Analyse comparée du Brésil et des États-Unis

International audienceCet article se propose de conduire une analyse comparative du Brésil et des États-Unis centrée sur les relations entre le territoire national et les villes au cours de leurs histoires respectives, de la période coloniale au milieu du XXème siècle, dans le but d'expliquer la dialectique entre les deux phénomènes. L'organisation du territoire relève-t-il de la ville ou au contraire la fondation de la ville relève de l'instauration d'un pouvoir politique s'affirmant au travers de la construction du territoire ? Lequel des deux, la ville ou le territoire se présente comme le paramètre fondamental dans la formation de l'État ? La genèse du territoire national dessine-t-il le système urbain ou est-ce l'inverse ? L'analyse comparée se propose de répondre à ce questionnement et ainsi de confirmer le rôle incontournable de l'État fédéral dans la dynamique urbaine, tout en s'inscrivant dans un jeu politique où les États fédérés sont présents. Cette dualité explique en grande partie la stabilité de la dynamique économique et politique des deux pay