Impact of Fertilizer Type, Seeding Coating, and Duration of Exposure on the Germination of Red Clover Seed

Legumes are important components in grassland ecosystems. Red clover is one the most used legumes in the transition zones states like Kentucky. To maintain legumes in grass pastures, improved red clover varieties are often overseeded in the late-winter or early-spring. In many cases seed is mixed with fertilizer and top-dressed onto pastures. Little data are available on the impact of fertilizer type or duration of exposure on the germination of raw and coated red clover seed. The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of two fertilizer types, muriate of potash and a blended fertilizer (urea, diammonium phosphate, and muriate of potash), and the duration of exposure (1 to 28 days) on the germination of an improved red clover variety that was raw or coated. Mixing seed with the blended fertilizer resulted in a linear decrease in germination rate for the raw seed and quadratic decrease for the coated seed. After 20 days of exposure to the blended fertilizer, the germination rate of the coated and raw seed was 0 and 60%, respectively. Combining seed with muriate of potash resulted in a linear decline in germination rate with the decline being greater for the coated seed. Overall, the rate of decrease was considerably less than that of the blended fertilizer. Results of this study indicate that seed coating enhanced the detrimental effects of fertilizer on seed germination

Impact of Fertilizer Type, Seed Coating, and Duration of Exposure on the Germination of Orchardgrass Seed

Cool-season grasses such as orchardgrass, are important components of forage systems in transition zone states like Kentucky. To maintain dense and vigorous sods, improved cool-season grass varieties are sometimes overseeded into existing stands in late-winter or early-spring. In many cases seed is mixed with fertilizer and top-dressed onto pastures. Little data are available on the impact of fertilizer type or duration of exposure on the germination of raw and coated grass seed. The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of two fertilizer types, muriate of potash and a blended fertilizer (urea, diammonium phosphate, and muriate of potash), and the duration of exposure (1 to 28 days) on the germination of an improved orchardgrass variety that was raw or coated. Mixing seed with the blended fertilizer resulted in a quadratic decrease in germination rate for the raw seed and coated seed. This rate of decrease was greater for the coated seed in the blended fertilizer. Combining seed with muriate of potash resulted in a linear decline in germination with the decline being similar for both the coated and raw seed. Overall, the rate of decrease was considerably less than that of the blended fertilizer. Results of this study indicate that the combination of seed coating and blended fertilizer had the most detrimental impact on orchardgrass germination

Application of Fall Nitrogen Increased Spring Tall Fescue Yield

Late season nitrogen fertilization is a practice that has long been implemented in turfgrass production. This practice involves applying nitrogen from September through December and results in an extended green period in the fall without stimulating excessive shoot growth. The longer green period results in higher levels of carbohydrate reserves and enhanced root growth compared with a spring-summer fertilization program. In addition to these benefits, sods fertilized in late fall have been shown to green up two to six weeks earlier in the spring. Limited research has considered the impact of late fall nitrogen applications on grass growth in hayfields and pastures. The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of late fall nitrogen fertilization on dry matter production of an established tall fescue stand. In 2020 and 2021, the study was conducted at the UK Research and Extension Center located in Princeton, KY. The experimental design was a random complete block with four replications. In early December 2020 and 2021, 0, 34, 67, and 101 kg ha-1 was applied as ammonium nitrate, ammonium sulfate, and Anuvia SYMTRX 20S. An additional 90 kg ha-1 was applied as urea to all plots the following spring. Plots were harvested on 13-May-2021 and 24-May-2022 using a self-propelled sickle bar type forage harvester equipped with load cells. Averaged across sources, first harvest yields ranged from 3428 to 5675 and 3929 to 5831 kg ha-1 in 2021 and 2022, respectively. Fall applied nitrogen resulted in a linear increase in dry matter yield of 25.0 and 21.2 kg ha-1 in 2021 and 2022, respectively. Nitrogen sources had no impact on dry matter yield (P \u3e 0.05). Plots receiving fall applied nitrogen also initiated growth earlier in the spring

UK Research Spotlight [2019]

Simplifying Grain Drill Calibration J.M. Buckman, H. Adams, and C.D. Teutsch Performance of Stockers Grazing Diverse Summer Annual Forage Mixtures K.M. Mercier, C.D. Teutsch, S.R. Smith, E.L. Ritchey, K.H. Burdine, and E.S. Vanzant Nitrogen Application on Diverse Summer Annual Forage Mixtures K.M. Mercier, C.D. Teutsch, S.R. Smith, E.L. Ritchey, K.H. Burdine, and E.S. Vanzant Cultivar X Aphicide Interactions C.D. Teutsch, R.T. Villanueva, Z.J. Vilora, G.L Olson, and S.R. Smith Using Summer Annuals to Transform Forage Systems in Western Kentucky H. Adams, J.M. Buckman, and C.D. Teutsch Can Targeted Management Reduce Nimblewill in Pastures? K. Lea and S.R. Smith Nutritive Value and Dry Matter Yield of reduced-Lignin Alfalfa in Grass Mixtures S.R. Smith, J.H. Cherney, C.C. Sheaffer, D.J.R. Cherney, and M.S. Wells Using the Kentucky Forage Council Board to Set University of Kentucky Extension Programming and Agent Training Priorities J. Henning, S.R. Smith, C. Teutsch, and T. Missu

Arithmetic complexity via effective names for random sequences

We investigate enumerability properties for classes of sets which permit recursive, lexicographically increasing approximations, or left-r.e. sets. In addition to pinpointing the complexity of left-r.e. Martin-L\"{o}f, computably, Schnorr, and Kurtz random sets, weakly 1-generics and their complementary classes, we find that there exist characterizations of the third and fourth levels of the arithmetic hierarchy purely in terms of these notions. More generally, there exists an equivalence between arithmetic complexity and existence of numberings for classes of left-r.e. sets with shift-persistent elements. While some classes (such as Martin-L\"{o}f randoms and Kurtz non-randoms) have left-r.e. numberings, there is no canonical, or acceptable, left-r.e. numbering for any class of left-r.e. randoms. Finally, we note some fundamental differences between left-r.e. numberings for sets and reals

It Takes More Than Calcium to Neutralize Soil Acidity

Proper pH management is the foundation to a good soil fertility program. Soil pH influences nutrient availability and root growth and function. Just because an agricultural product contains calcium does not mean that it will change soil pH. The effectiveness of three calcium products in raising soil pH was compared to an untreated check in acid soils. A field trial was conducted at 16 locations across Kentucky and a laboratory incubation study was conducted at the University of Kentucky Research and Education Center. The same application rates were used for the three products, whether in field trials or laboratory incubations. The rates were 46.8 L ha-1 for the liquid calcium and 4.5 Mg ha-1 for the pelletized and ag limes. The field studies exhibited higher soil pH at 3-month and 12-month sample dates with ag lime and pelletized lime treatments than with the check and liquid calcium treatments. The lab study exhibited higher soil pH values at each sample date (1, 3, 6 and 12 month) with ag lime and pelletized lime than with check and liquid calcium. The soil pH was not improved with the addition of liquid calcium (chloride) and results of this study are supported by the chemical foundations of soil acidity neutralization reactions - calcium chloride does not neutralize acidity and calcium carbonates do