Ekstraksi, Pemisahan Senyawa, Dan Identifikasi Senyawa Aktif

Ekstraksi merupakan proses pemisahan bahan dari campurannya dengan menggunakan pelarut yang sesuai. Proses ekstraksi dihentikan ketika tercapai kesetimbangan antara konsentrasi senyawa dalam pelarut dengan konsentrasi dalam sel tanaman. Setelah proses ekstraksi, pelarut dipisahkan dari sampel dengan penyaringan. Ekstrak awal sulit dipisahkan melalui teknik pemisahan tunggal untuk mengisolasi senyawa tunggal. Oleh karena itu, ekstrak awal perlu dipisahkan ke dalam fraksi yang memiliki polaritas dan ukuran molekul yang sama.Identifikasi golongan senyawa dilakukan dengan uji warna, penentuan kelarutan, bilangan Rf dan ciri spectrum UV. Identifikasi yang paling penting dan digunakan secara luas ialah pengukuran spektrum serapan dengan menggunakan spektrofotometer.Kata Kunci : Ekstraksi, Identifikasi Senyaw

Primary aldosteronism: Metabolic reprogramming and the pathogenesis of aldosterone-producing adenomas

SIMPLE SUMMARY: Primary aldosteronism is a common form of endocrine hypertension often caused by a hyper-secreting tumor of the adrenal cortex called an aldosterone-producing adenoma. Metabolic reprogramming plays a role in tumor progression and influences the tumor immune microenvironment by limiting immune-cell infiltration and suppressing its anti-tumor function. We hypothesized that the development of aldosterone-producing adenomas involves metabolic adaptations of its component tumor cells and intrinsically influences tumor pathogenesis. Herein, we use state-of-the-art computational tools for the comprehensive analysis of array-based gene expression profiles to demonstrate metabolic reprogramming and remodeling of the immune microenvironment in aldosterone-producing adenomas compared with paired adjacent adrenal cortical tissue. Our findings suggest metabolic alterations may function in the pathogenesis of aldosterone-producing adenomas by conferring survival advantages to their component tumor cells. ABSTRACT: Aldosterone-producing adenomas (APAs) are characterized by aldosterone hypersecretion and deregulated adrenocortical cell growth. Increased energy consumption required to maintain cellular tumorigenic properties triggers metabolic alterations that shape the tumor microenvironment to acquire necessary nutrients, yet our knowledge of this adaptation in APAs is limited. Here, we investigated adrenocortical cell-intrinsic metabolism and the tumor immune microenvironment of APAs and their potential roles in mediating aldosterone production and growth of adrenocortical cells. Using multiple advanced bioinformatics methods, we analyzed gene expression datasets to generate distinct metabolic and immune cell profiles of APAs versus paired adjacent cortex. APAs displayed activation of lipid metabolism, especially fatty acid β-oxidation regulated by PPARα, and glycolysis. We identified an immunosuppressive microenvironment in APAs, with reduced infiltration of CD45(+) immune cells compared with adjacent cortex, validated by CD45 immunohistochemistry (3.45-fold, p < 0.001). APAs also displayed an association of lipid metabolism with ferroptosis and upregulation of antioxidant systems. In conclusion, APAs exhibit metabolic reprogramming towards fatty acid β-oxidation and glycolysis. Increased lipid metabolism via PPARα may serve as a key mechanism to modulate lipid peroxidation, a hallmark of regulated cell death by ferroptosis. These findings highlight survival advantages for APA tumor cells with metabolic reprogramming properties

SISTEM PENGOLAHAN DATA CUTI KARYAWAN DI CV SINI SUKA

Sistem Pengolahan Data Cuti Karyawan di CV SINI SUKA mengambil peranan yang sangat penting dalam mengembangkan sebuah organisasi atau perusahan. Untuk dapat membantu pengolahan data-data yang ada dengan waktu cepat dan tepat, pada CV SISNI SUKA terutama dalam sistem pengolahan cuti karyawan yang masih manual menjadi komputerisasi untuk mengurangi kesalahan, menghemat waktu, tenaga dan memper cepat proses serta membantu atasan untuk mengambil keputusan untuk cuti karyawan tampa mengangu kegiatan operasional perusahan dan menyediakan pasilitas form pengajuan cuti bagi karyawan. Bagaimana menampilkan informasi data karyawan yang mengajukan cuti serta pasilitas formulir pengajuan cuti karyawan. Yang manual menjadi komputerisasi. Dimana pengajuan cuti oleh karyawan ke atasan dengan mengisi formulir pengajuan cuti dan atasan dapat melihat informasi data yang mengajukan cuti dan dapat menyetujui serta menolak cuti yang di ajukan. Sistem ini menyediakan informasi cuti karyawan bagi atasan dan informasi cuti karyawan dan menghasilkan laporan dari acc cuti dan tidak acc cuti karyawan yang mengajukan cuti. Serta form fasilitas untuk pengajuan cuti untuk karyawan dan form acc atau tidak acc bagi atasan. Aplikasi ini di kembangkan mengunakan bahasa pemrograman PHP dan MySQL sebagai database servernya serta Dreamweaver MX sebagai editornya. Kata kunci : Php, MySQL,Cuti, Karyawan

Effect of School Community Empowerment Model Towards Handwashing Implementation Among Elementary School Students in Dayeuhkolot Subdistrict

Handwashing with soap behavior in Indonesia remains a problem. The cause is associated with lack of awareness in handwashing with soap. This study aimed to determine effect of school community empowerment on handwashing implementation among elementary school students in Dayeuhkolot Subdistrict, Bandung District. This study used quasi experimental design with pretest and posttest, also descriptive and inferential analysis. Samples consisted of 24 teachers, 377 students at 4th – 6th grade and 24 little doctors. The approach method in this study was using integrated school health effort (combined model of fit for school and selected school health effort) consisting of six stages. Instruments were knowledge questionnaires, observation and checklist sheets. Handwashing with soap was evaluated for three months. Results found that score of little doctors in good category increased in skill of handwashing with soap from 0% to 100%, the skill among the students improved in good category from 0% to 87.5%. School community empowerment affects on handwashing behavior among elementary school students

Preventing Child Sexual Abuse Skills Of Parents: Literature Review

Introduction: Child sexual abuse (CSA) can negatively impact children's physical, psychological, and social impacts. Parents are responsible for preventing children from becoming victims of CSA. Unfortunately, many parents do not have good skills or behavior, so they are at risk of increasing the incidence of child sexual abuse. Objective: This study aims to explore parental skills in preventing child sexual abuse. Methods: This study was conducted using the literature review method, using the CINAHL, Science Direct, Pubmed and Proquest databases. Articles were screened using inclusion criteria published in 2010-2020, full text, in English, quasi-experimental research design, Randomized Controlled Trial, and Clinical Trial. It was found that five articles were selected after an assessment using JBI (Joanna Briggs Institute). Results: Parents' skills or behavior in prevented child sexual abuse, including teached self-protection skills and handling steps in the event of sexual abuse, establishing good communication, providing education related to sexual abuse prevention, discussing sexual abuse, and providing a more favorable safe environment , such as child supervision and parenting skills. Some of these were skills that influence the prevention of CSA. But from various studies, it was found that the parental skills were low in preventing CSA. Conclusion: It is found that parents' skills are lack in preventing CSA, because in general parents only take part of the preventive measures for CSA. Suggestion: The need for interventions to increase the knowledge, attitudes, awareness and motivation of parents in preventing child sexual abuse

Classification of microadenomas in patients with primary aldosteronism by steroid profiling

In primary aldosteronism (PA) the differentiation of unilateral aldosterone-producing adenomas (APA) from bilateral adrenal hyperplasia (BAH) is usually performed by adrenal venous sampling (AVS) and/or computed tomography (CT). CT alone often lacks the sensitivity to identify micro-APAs. Our objectives were to establish if steroid profiling could be useful for the identification of patients with micro-APAs and for the development of an online tool to differentiate micro-APAs, macro-APAs and BAH. The study included patients with PA (n = 197) from Munich (n = 124) and Torino (n = 73) and comprised 33 patients with micro-APAs, 95 with macro-APAs, and 69 with BAH. Subtype differentiation was by AVS, and micro- and macro-APAs were selected according to pathology reports. Steroid concentrations in peripheral venous plasma were measured by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. An online tool using a random forest model was built for the classification of micro-APA, macro-APA and BAH. Micro-APA were classified with low specificity (33%) but macro-APA and BAH were correctly classified with high specificity (93%). Improved classification of micro-APAs was achieved using a diagnostic algorithm integrating steroid profiling, CT scanning and AVS procedures limited to patients with discordant steroid and CT results. This would have increased the correct classification of micro-APAs to 68% and improved the overall classification to 92%. Such an approach could be useful to select patients with CT-undetectable micro-APAs in whom AVS should be considered mandatory

The influence of ethics and financial control measures on financial performance in four selected local government authorities in Tanzania

PhD ThesisIn spite of numerous initiatives having been taken by the government of Tanzania to see to it that the public servants utilize public resources prudently, misuse of resources in Tanzanian Local Government Authorities (LGAs) is still out of control, which affects LGAs' financial performance. Therefore, the study on which this thesis is based was set to evaluate influence of ethics and financial control measures on financial performance in terms of using public resources efficiently, effectively and economically. In arriving at that, the study sought to: (i) determine the level of adherence to the national code of ethics and conduct for public service among public service employees, (ii) analyse some existing factors supporting Tanzanian LGAs employees to adhere to the national code of ethics and conduct for public service, (iii) analyze relationship between views on national code of ethics and conduct for public service and views on financial ethical issues, (iv) determine the influence of ethics on financial performance and (v) analyse relationships between financial control measures and financial performance. A cross-sectional study was carried out in Shinyanga Municipal Council, Korogwe Town Council, Monduli District Council and Siha District Council where data were collected from 400 respondents in May and June 2016 through structured interviews using a questionnaire. Moreover, 12 key informant interviews and 12 focus group discussions were held using a checklist of items for discussion and an FGD guide respectively. Statistical Package for the Social Science (SPSS) Version 16.0 statistical software was used to analyse quantitative data while the qualitative data were analysed using content analysis. The results showed that the level of adherence to the national code of ethics and conduct for public service among public service employees in both urban and rural councils was high, although in some areas rural LGAs were doing a bit better than urban councils. It was also found that there was high level of factors supporting adherence to the code, although in some areas urban LGAs were doing a bit better than rural LGAs. As such, while correlations between the code and factors supporting its level of adherence (individual values and working environment) in rural LGAs indicated positive association with the code (p 0.05). With regard to the relationship between employees' views on the national code of ethics and conduct for public service and views on financial ethical issues, the results indicated high level of financial ethical issues in both rural and urban LGAs, although rural LGAs were doing a bit better on some indicators of financial ethical issues. Again, while in rural LGAs financial ethical issues indicated high positive association with the code (integrity, p 0.05). Results on the influence of ethics on financial performance in terms of efficiency, effectiveness and economy results showed that there was moderate level of financial performance in both rural and urban councils, although rural councils were doing a bit better than urban councils. Ordinal logistic regression showed that transparency as a measure of ethics had positive and significant influence (β = + 0.491, < 0.05) on financial performance. On the subject of relationship between financial control measures and financial performance in terms of efficiency, effectiveness and economy; results confirmed presence of moderate level of financial control measures in both urban and rural LGAs, although rural LGAs were doing a bit better than urban LGAs. There was also a significant positive relationship between financial control measures and financial performance (control environment, information communication and monitoring) whereby in urban LGAs r = 0.376 (p < 0.001), r = 0.146 (p < 0.01), and r = 0.400 (p < 0.001 respectively), while in rural LGAs r = 0.138 (p < 0.1), r = 0.162 (p < 0.1), r = 0.266 (p < 0.001) respectively. Based on the above findings, it is concluded that disparities in some aspects of adherence to the national code of ethics and conduct for public service between rural and urban LGAs are due to diversified mechanisms taken by each LGA to institute to its employees measures for adherence to the code. Disparities in some areas of factors supporting level of adherence to the national code of ethics and conduct for public service is also due to differences that exist in employees' background factors influenced by their own values, working culture and working environment. Good relationship between employees' views on the national code of ethics and conduct for public service and views on financial ethical issues between rural and urban LGAs is partly attributed to fear to be dismissed or to be taken accountable by supervisory institutions. Moderate influence of ethics on financial performance in rural LGAs than in urban LGAs is partly attributed to efforts made by rural LGA leaders to enforce their workers to adhere to the principles of financial performance. Powerful mechanisms available in rural LGAs that institute adherence to the financial control measures lead to better financial performance in rural LGAs than in urban LGAs. On the basis of those conclusions, the Ministry of Regional Administration and Local Government is urged to monitor, oversee and emphasize on training, specifically training related to adherence to the national code of ethics and conduct for public service. Moreover, the Ministry of Regional Administration and Local Government is urged to nurture employees' background factors to conform to standards of ethical behaviour in public service. Each LGA, through its own disciplinary committee, is urged to strengthen reward and punishment mechanisms against unethical behaviour. Public service employees should take proactive measures by considering ethics during their operations. The Ministry of Regional Administration and Local Government is urged to assess internal financial control measures of their LGAs financial performance.Tanzania Public Service College, Tabora Campus