Vacuolar dynamics after a rapid temperature decrease.

<p>Vacuolar membrane labeled with FM1-43 (green) and chlorophyll fluorescence (magenta) in palisade mesophyll cells of saintpaulia leaf were observed before (A) and 10 min after (B) a rapid temperature decrease from 25°C to 5°C and kept at 5°C for 1 min. Scale bar = 20 µm. FM1-43 and chlorophyll fluorescence in spongy mesophyll cells observed before (C) and after (D) a rapid temperature decrease from 25°C to 5°C. Scale bar = 40 µm.</p

Cytosolic pH changes in palisade mesophyll, spongy mesophyll, and epidermal cells of saintpaulia leaf.

<p>(A) Palisade mesophyll, spongy mesophyll, and upper and lower epidermal cells stained with BCECF-AM. BCECF-AM (green) and chlorophyll fluorescence (magenta) were observed before, immediately after (0 min), and 10 min after the temperature was decreased from 25°C to 5°C and kept at 5°C for 1 min. Scale bar = 40 µm. (B) Relative changes of BCECF-AM fluorescence intensity after a temperature decrease. The points and associated bars indicate mean intensity and standard error (n = 3).</p

Changes in chlorophyll fluorescence during injury in saintpaulia leaf.

<p>Solid lines show quantum yield of PS II (øII; <i>closed circles</i>) and non-photochemical quenching (NPQ; <i>open circles</i>), while broken lines indicate leaf temperature. These indices were measured during a rapid temperature decrease from 25°C to 15°C followed by rewarming to 25°C (A), during a gradual decrease from 25°C to 5°C (B), during a rapid decrease from 25°C to 5°C and kept at 5°C for 300 s followed by rewarming to 25°C (C), and during a rapid decrease from 25°C to 5°C and kept at 5°C for 30 s followed by rewarming to 25°C (D).</p

Leaf discoloration and injury severity of Gesneriaceae plants.

<p>(A) Discolored leaves of 10 Gesneriaceae plants after a rapid temperature decrease from 30°C to 10°C. (B) Severity of leaf injury in <i>Columnea</i> sp. (<i>squares</i>), <i>Kohleria warszewiczii</i> (<i>circles</i>), and <i>Streptocarpus saxorum</i> (<i>triangles</i>) after a rapid temperature decrease. Leaves initially kept at 30°C to 15°C were rapidly adjusted to 10°C. The points and associated bars indicate mean severity and standard error (n = 3). (C) Cross sections of intact or discolored leaves of 10 Gesneriaceae plants. From left to right: whole leaf sections of intact leaves, magnified view of palisade mesophyll cells of intact leaves, whole leaf sections of discolored leaves, and magnified view of palisade mesophyll cells of discolored leaves. Scale bars = 200 µm in whole-leaf images and 100 µm in magnified palisade mesophyll images.</p

Effects of surrounding pH on isolated chloroplasts.

<p>Fluorescent microscopic images of chloroplasts isolated from saintpaulia leaf suspended in buffer solution at pH 7.6 (left), pH 6.0 (middle), and pH 5.2 (right). Scale bar = 50 µm.</p

Cytosolic pH changes in palisade mesophyll cells of Gesneriaceae plants.

<p>Cytosolic pH changes in palisade mesophyll cell of sensitive species (<i>Columnea</i> sp. and <i>Kohleria warszewiczii</i>) and insensitive species (<i>Sinningia speciosa</i> and <i>Streptocarpus</i> sp.) induced by a rapid temperature decrease. (A) Palisade mesophyll cells of <i>Columnea</i> sp. and <i>Kohleria warszewiczii</i> stained with pH-sensitive fluorescent dye, BCECF-AM. (B) Relative changes of BCECF-AM fluorescence intensity in palisade mesophyll cell of <i>C.</i> sp. and <i>K. warszewiczii</i>. (C) Palisade mesophyll cells of <i>Sinningia speciosa</i> and <i>Streptocarpus</i> sp. stained with BCECF-AM. (D) Relative changes of BCECF-AM fluorescence intensity in palisade mesophyll cell of <i>S. speciosa</i> and <i>S.</i> sp. Images in (A) and (C) were taken before, immediately after (0 min), and 10 min after a temperature decrease from 30°C to 10°C and kept at 10°C for 1 min. Scale bar = 40 µm. The points and associated bars in (B) and (D) indicate mean intensity and standard error (n = 3).</p

Chlorophyll fluorescence of chloroplasts isolated from palisade mesophyll cells of saintpaulia leaf.

<p>Quantum yield of PSII (øII) and non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) of isolated chloroplasts estimated from changes in chlorophyll fluorescence. Solid lines show øII (<i>closed circles</i>) and NPQ (<i>open circles</i>), while broken lines show temperature. These indices were measured at 25°C (A), and during a rapid decrease from 25°C to 5°C and kept at 5°C for 300 s followed by rewarming to 25°C (B).</p

List of Gesneriaceae species used in this study and GenBank accession numbers for their ribosomal internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1) sequences.

a<p>Saintpaulia cultivars are mainly derived from the original species <i>Saintpaulia ionantha</i><a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0057259#pone.0057259-Baatvik1" target="_blank">[23]</a>. Therefore, we used the ITS 1 sequence of <i>Saintpaulia ionantha</i> to estimate the position of cv. “Iceberg” in the phylogenetic trees.</p

Tissue specificity of MIPS and seed storage proteins in developing seeds of as determined by immunoblot analysis with MIPS2, 2S albumin, and 12S globulin antibodies

Developing seeds (torpedo to mature stages) were separated into seed coat (Sc) and seed contents which were either left intact as endosperm and embryo (En+Emb), or washed to remove the endosperm (Emb). p2S and 2S are pro- and mature forms of 2S albumin, and p12S and 12S are pro- and mature forms of 12S globulin, respectively. The arrowhead at 60 kDa indicates MIPS.<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Localization of -inositol-1-phosphate synthase to the endosperm in developing seeds of "</p><p></p><p>Journal of Experimental Botany 2008;59(11):3069-3076.</p><p>Published online 4 Jul 2008</p><p>PMCID:PMC2504351.</p><p></p