Effects of different ingredients on total gas production (GP), metabolizable energy (ME), and enteric methane (CH₄) and carbon dioxide (CO₂) production in GP systems.

<p>Effects of different ingredients on total gas production (GP), metabolizable energy (ME), and enteric methane (CH₄) and carbon dioxide (CO₂) production in GP systems.</p

Ingredients and chemical composition of experimental diets and feeds.

<p>Ingredients and chemical composition of experimental diets and feeds.</p

Effects of different ingredients on in vitro gas production and kinetic variables¹ of gas production in Exp. 1.

<p>^a,b,cMeans with different superscripts are different (P < 0.05). ¹V1 and V2 = Maximum gas volume of each pool, mL; C1 and C2 = Specific rate of digestion of each pool, h-1; Lt = lag time, h.</p

Main products of glucose and glycerin pathways to acetate, butyrate, and propionate formation¹.

<p>¹Adapted from Nelson and Cox [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0199577#pone.0199577.ref004" target="_blank">4</a>].</p

Effects of dietary glycerin inclusion on ruminal variables in gas production systems.

<p>Effects of dietary glycerin inclusion on ruminal variables in gas production systems.</p

Effects of glycerin inclusion on in vitro gas production and kinetic variables¹ of gas production in Exp. 3.

<p>^a,b,c,dMeans with different superscripts are different (P < 0.05). ¹V1 and V2 = Maximum gas volume of each pool, mL; C1 and C2 = Specific rate of digestion of each pool, h-1; Lt = lag time, h.</p

Effects of dietary glycerin inclusion on total gas production (GP), and enteric methane (CH₄) and carbon dioxide (CO₂) production in GP systems.

<p>Effects of dietary glycerin inclusion on total gas production (GP), and enteric methane (CH₄) and carbon dioxide (CO₂) production in GP systems.</p

Effect of glycerin inclusion on ruminal pH and NH₃-N over time in dual-flow continuous culture system.

<p>pH = 6.825 ± 0.1727 - (TIME x 0.6487 ± 0.07149) + (TIME² x 0.1281± 0.01751)—(TIME³ x 0.00656 ± 0.001143); R² = 0.999, MSE = 0.139. NH₃-N = 9.6399 ± 1.4148 + (glycerin x 0.08728 ± 0.05779) + (glycerin x TIME x 0.146 ± 0.06041)—(TIME x 1.8245 ± 1.1698)—(glycerin x TIME² x 0.03459 ± 0.0148) + (TIME² x 0.2095 ± 0.2866) + (glycerin x TIME³ x 0.002012 ± 0.000966)—(TIME³ x 0.00546 ± 0.01871); R² = 0.381, MSE = 11.75.</p

Dual-flow continuous culture system frontal view.

<p>Dual-flow continuous culture system frontal view.</p

Effects of dietary CP levels or oscillating dietary CP on ruminal pH at different times after feeding in dual-flow continuous culture system.

<p>Effects of dietary CP levels or oscillating dietary CP on ruminal pH at different times after feeding in dual-flow continuous culture system.</p