WHEN PRINCIPLED REPRESENTATION TESTS ANTIDISCRIMINATION LAW

The decision in Stropnicky v. Nathanson completely disregarded the professional and personal considerations that drive the attorney’s decision whether or not to accept a case, focusing exclusively on societal concerns with eliminating discrimination. In doing so, it overlooked a long-lived deference accorded attorneys in the decision of whether to accept or decline a client’s case and the legitimate rationale underlying such deference. In deciding Stropnicky, a case of first impression in Massachusetts, the Commission entered a growing debate on whether lawyers and law firms are subject to public accommodation laws.This article addresses how the Stropnicky decision intrudes into the important discretion historically accorded lawyers in deciding whether to represent a client. Part I of this article presents a concise review of the professional responsibility rules that pertain to the attorney’s duties and prerogatives in the selection of a client. Part II proposes an analytical framework for assessing the internal and external factors which underlie such discretion as articulated by the professional responsibility rules. Part III focuses on the ways in which laudable antidiscrimination principles may collide with the professionalism concerns that accord discretion to attorneys in deciding whether or not to represent a prospective client. Part IV applies the analytical framework set forth earlier in the article to the facts in Stropnicky. Finally, the conclusion suggests how antidiscrimination principles can coexist with ethical and professional considerations that support discretionary client selection decision-making without compromising either principle

Is the Transit Industry Prepared for the Cyber Revolution? Policy Recommendations to Enhance Surface Transit Cyber Preparedness

The intent of this study is to assess the readiness, resourcing, and structure of public transit agencies to identify, protect from, detect, respond to, and recover from cybersecurity vulnerabilities and threats. Given the multitude of connected devices already in use by the transit industry and the vast amount of data generated (with more coming online soon), the transit industry is vulnerable to malicious cyber-attack and other cybersecurity-related threats. This study reviews the state of best cybersecurity practices in public surface transit; outlines U.S. public surface transit operators’ cybersecurity operations; assesses U.S. policy on cybersecurity in public surface transportation; and provides policy recommendations that address gaps or identify issues for Congress, the Executive Branch, and the public surface transit agencies. Research methods include an online survey of public surface transit professionals in the United States and oral interviews conducted with members of the Executive Branch (e.g., U.S. Department of Transportation, U.S. Department of Homeland Security, The White House, and others), as well as research of literature published in periodicals

The Effectiveness of Warning Labels and Subvertising on Reducing the Harmful Effects of Media Exposure

Women are routinely exposed to highly sexualized images of women whose bodies have been airbrushed into literally impossible standards of beauty, which can contribute to body dissatisfaction. Women who are more dissatisfied with their bodies report greater depression, social anxiety, and disordered eating patterns. This experiment examines the effectiveness of two approaches to reduce the negative effects of media exposure on body dissatisfaction: warning labels and subvertising. Some body image activists groups have proposed legislation that would require photoshopped images to include a warning label that the image has been artificially manipulated. Subvertising takes this a step farther, where activists attempt to challenge dominant social discourses, particularly those promoting consumerism. Subvertising can take various forms, but typically involves the altering or superimposing of counter-attitudes onto the original message being displayed and satirizes commercial messages through visual manipulations of these messages. In this experiment, participants were exposed to photo advertisements for swimwear featuring slender models. The independent variable was message type: warning label, subvertising, or control. Participants reported their body image satisfaction (Cash, 2000) and surveillance levels (McKinley & Hyde, 1999) using validated measures. Results were analyzed using a One-Way Between-Subjects ANOVA, comparing the effectiveness of each experimental condition against the control condition. The findings from this study will help inform researchers and public policy advocates of the effectiveness of different techniques for improving body image in response to the ubiquitous problem of exposure to sexually objectifying photoshopped images

Neural bases of phonological working memory

Phonological working memory (PWM) is the mind's capacity for maintaining and manipulating representations of the sounds important for speech when they are not actively being perceived. It is believed to be a critical component supporting typical language acquisition and vocabulary development, as well as second-language learning. Despite the success of the theoretical framework traditionally used to conceptualize PWM, consensus on its instantiation in the brain remains elusive. In this thesis, I will describe a series of studies designed to interrogate the functionality of the brain regions supporting PWM. In Chapter 1, we compare activation patterns from a canonical PWM task, nonword repetition, to nonword discrimination, a matched task designed to engage core PWM functions, but for the purpose of comparing stimuli, not repeating them. We replicate the findings that PWM during nonword repetition engages speech cortices and show that these cortical regions are also reliably engaged in nonword discrimination, in individual subjects. In Chapter 2, we directly assess the extent to which conjunctive activation between language and working memory paradigms can be interpreted as shared functionality. We find that despite the ability to localize regions in which the majority of subjects show conjunction of significant activation between tasks, the pattern similarity between tasks within those regions vary. We find no pattern similarity between language and spatial working memory, and marginal similarities between language and verbal working memory. Verbal working memory and spatial working memory conjunctions localize a similar network to the multiple demand network and find highly similar patterns of activation in these regions across working memory tasks. Finally, in Chapter 3, we investigate the functional properties of brain areas supporting PWM by comparing activation between nonword repetition, language, verbal working memory, and spatial working memory tasks. We find that PWM shares support with areas involved in spoken language perception, as well as regions engaged by working memory tasks that lie outside of the core language network. Taken together, these studies give a detailed account of the neural bases of PWM, through the lens of shared functionality between this capacity, language, and other domains of working memory

Housing Assistance for Culturally Specific Groups

Conducted on behalf of the East Side Community Outreach Partnership Center. Supported by the East Side Community Outreach Partnership Center (COPC) program at the Center for Urban and Regional Affairs, University of Minnesota

Prospectus, April 21, 1982

JUDGE SEES IDEAL APPROACH TO PENAL SYSTEM; News Digest; Students voice their views of StuGo\u27s first forum; Opinions and Views: Dean against WPCD broadcast, People need right to protect selves, Prospectus survey shows students would like music, Why is your milk always sour?, Library has more users; P.C. Happenings...: Choral groups schedule performances, Workshop focuses on dual careers, Artist displays work, Psychiatrist to discuss depression, Program to discuss eye problems, Gallery features mixed media exhibit, Combo Audio to play on 27th, P.C. sponsors management workshop; President feels students favor WPCD broadcast; Foster discusses student placement; Meeting the man on the news; Activities office important factor in channeling PC student events; Two casts perform in \u27Angel Street\u27; Classifieds; Community Calendar; Album \u27grows on you\u27; \u27Deathtrap\u27 simply staged, delightfully done; Sports Update; Second baseman gives perceptions of baseball team\u27s performance; Forced vacation hurts team\u27s performancehttps://spark.parkland.edu/prospectus_1982/1021/thumbnail.jp

Evapotranspiration Estimates Derived Using Multi-Platform Remote Sensing in a Semiarid Region

Evapotranspiration (ET) is a key component of the water balance, especially in arid and semiarid regions. The current study takes advantage of spatially-distributed, near real-time information provided by satellite remote sensing to develop a regional scale ET product derived from remotely-sensed observations. ET is calculated by scaling PET estimated from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) products with downscaled soil moisture derived using the Soil Moisture Ocean Salinity (SMOS) satellite and a second order polynomial regression formula. The MODis-Soil Moisture ET (MOD-SMET) estimates are validated using four flux tower sites in southern Arizona USA, a calibrated empirical ET model, and model output from Version 2 of the North American Land Data Assimilation System (NLDAS-2). Validation against daily eddy covariance ET indicates correlations between 0.63 and 0.83 and root mean square errors (RMSE) between 40 and 96 W/m2. MOD-SMET estimates compare well to the calibrated empirical ET model, with a −0.14 difference in correlation between sites, on average. By comparison, NLDAS-2 models underestimate daily ET compared to both flux towers and MOD-SMET estimates. Our analysis shows the MOD-SMET approach to be effective for estimating ET. Because it requires limited ancillary ground-based data and no site-specific calibration, the method is applicable to regions where ground-based measurements are not available

Prospectus, January 27, 1982

ENROLLMENT INCREASES BY 7 PERCENT; News In Brief; Stugo president departs after vote on questionable issue; Two programs accredited; Before you vote…: Amendment is explained; StuGo needs student help; PC Counseling Center offers 6 new seminars; Join StuGo; PC Happenings: Workshop develops interest, Sign up for insurance, Ski Club enjoys trip, Balinese art displayed; Thunderbird pilots killed during practice; \u27Intercom\u27: pleasing results; All seals not created equal; Illinois to receive funding; Select proper microwave cookware; Overseas learning offers knowledge and fun; Cold weather doesn\u27t stop fun; Classifieds; \u27Great White North\u27: Canadian comic couple; Nothing too big for tiny star; \u27Images\u27: chance for publication; Center needs volunteers; Tickets reserved; New group leads the future of music; This week\u27s happenings: Clubs offer local talent; Book carries detective story into new science fiction area; Stray Cats lead revival of rockabilly music; Ice Capades skater sets example for Blacks; Program gives chance to travel in Spainhttps://spark.parkland.edu/prospectus_1982/1031/thumbnail.jp

Aligning the Transit Industry and Their Vendors in the Face of Increasing Cyber Risk: Recommendations for Identifying and Addressing Cybersecurity Challenges

Public transit agencies in the United States depend on external vendors to help deliver and maintain many essential services and to provide critical technologies, from ticket purchases to scheduling to email management. While the integration of new, advanced technologies into the public transit industry brings important advancements to U.S. critical transportation infrastructure, the application of digital technologies also brings with it a new assortment of digital risks. Transit agencies of all sizes are finding themselves subject to cyber incidents—most notably ransomware attacks—like those experienced by larger, more prominent companies and critical infrastructure providers. The findings in this report focus on helping all parties involved improve in three key areas: cyber literacy and procurement practices, the lifecycle of technology vis-à-vis transit hardware, and the importance of embracing risk as a road to resiliency

Increasing Aging Content within the Social Work Curriculum: Perceptions of Key Constituents

This mixed methodology study examines the perceptions of key constituents regarding methods for effectively integrating aging content into the foundation curriculum of the BSW and MSW program at the University of Georgia School of Social Work. Students were asked to complete a survey to determine their perception of geriatric content that existed within the foundation coursework. Following an analysis of the survey results, eight semi-structured focus group discussions were conducted with a purposeful sample of students, faculty, field instructors, social work alumni, older adults from the community, and representatives from aging agencies. The intention of these focus groups was to find out what aging content should be infused within the curriculum. The focus group meetings were held in various locations throughout Northeast Georgia and in one remote location in South Georgia. Participants were interviewed about the necessary skills and knowledge for social workers practicing with an aging population in the areas of: essential intervention skills, program policies and regulations, critical information needed to develop client service plans, strategies for addressing service delivery fragmentation, and community collaboration to support intergenerational family needs. The results of this study will be discussed to provide suggestions on how existing foundation courses can integrate aging content