13 research outputs found
Complete Genome and Molecular Epidemiological Data Infer the Maintenance of Rabies among Kudu (<em>Tragelaphus strepsiceros</em>) in Namibia
<div><p>Rabies in kudu is unique to Namibia and two major peaks in the epizootic have occurred since it was first noted in 1977. Due to the large numbers of kudu that were affected, it was suspected that horizontal transmission of rabies occurs among kudu and that rabies was being maintained independently within the Namibian kudu population – separate from canid cycles, despite geographic overlap. In this study, it was our aim to show, through phylogenetic analyses, that rabies was being maintained independently within the Namibian kudu population. We also tested, through complete genome sequencing of four rabies virus isolates from jackal and kudu, whether specific mutations occurred in the virus genome due to host adaptation. We found the separate grouping of all rabies isolates from kudu to those of any other canid species in Namibia, suggesting that rabies was being maintained independently in kudu. Additionally, we noted several mutations unique to isolates from kudu, suggesting that these mutations may be due to the adaptation of rabies to a new host. In conclusion, we show clear evidence that rabies is being maintained independently in the Namibian kudu population – a unique phenomenon with ecological and economic impacts.</p> </div
Lyssavirus isolates used in comparative amino acid analyses.
*<p>Dog – <i>Canis familiaris</i>; Black-backed jackal – <i>Canis mesomelas</i>; Bat-eared fox – <i>Otocyon megalotis</i>; Human – <i>Homo sapiens sapiens</i>; Cat – <i>Felis domesticus</i>; Slender mongoose - <i>Galerella sanguinea</i>; Water mongoose - <i>Atilax paludinossus</i>; Yellow mongoose - <i>Cynictis penicillata</i>; Silver-haired bat - <i>Lasionycteris noctivagans</i>; <i>Egyptian fruit bat – Rousettus aegyptiacus</i>; Wahlbergs Epauletted Fruit bat - <i>Epomophorus wahlbergi</i>; Straw-coloured fruit bat - <i>Eidolon helvum</i>.</p
Brain samples from various species used in the phylogenetic analysis of partial RABV nucleoprotein gene sequences.
<p>NK - unknown information.</p>#<p>Kudu – <i>Tragelaphus strepsiceros</i>; Dog – <i>Canis familiaris</i>; Bat-eared fox – <i>Otocyon megalotis</i>; Jackal – <i>Canis mesomelas</i>; Eland – <i>Tragelaphus oryx</i>.</p
Full genome RABV sequences from kudu and jackals constructed in this study.
#<p>Kudu – <i>Tragelaphus strepsiceros</i>; Jackal – <i>Canis mesomelas.</i></p
Complete genome phylogenetic analysis.
<p>Neighbour-joining phylogenetic tree with 1000 bootstrap replicates, constructed using the Kimura 2-parameter model, of RABV full genomes sequenced in this study (bold branches) as well as RABV full genomes available on GenBank.</p
Partial N gene phylogenetic analysis.
<p>Neighbour-joining phylogenetic tree with 1000 bootstrap replications of partial RABV nucleoprotein gene sequences generated in this study as well as representative sequences from South Africa and Namibia. Pasteur virus was used as an outgroup. Samples labeled as follows: Isolate number, species, country, region, and year. Ku = kudu; J = Jackal; Dg = Dog; Bef = Bat-eared fox; El = Eland; SA = South Africa; N = Namibia; B = Botswana; Grtfntn = Grootfontein; NK = Not known.</p
Number of specimens from EVD suspected cases in Sierra Leone tested daily (total blood and buccal swabs) by SA FEDL during the first weeks of operation, 25 August—30 Sept 2014.
<p>Column = Number of specimens tested daily; Dotted line = Trend line of a number of specimens tested; Solid line = Maximum testing capacity of 58 specimens per day.</p
South African Ebola diagnostic response in Sierra Leone: A modular high biosafety field laboratory - Fig 3
<p>(<b>A</b>) Operators dressed in BSL3 PPE processing clinical specimens from EVD suspected cases in a glovebox located within the IsoArk biocontainment negative pressure chamber, (<b>B</b>) Blood tubes in centrifuge adapters with safety caps passed into the main chamber of the glovebox for “hot” inactivation and aliquoting for long-term storage.</p
Layout of the SA FEDL in Freetown-Lakka, Sierra Leone with emergency generator and wiring to allow for rapid switch to generator mode in case of power failure.
<p>(<b>A</b>) Biocontainment negative pressure chamber (IsoArk), (<b>B</b>) Room housing biocontainment negative pressure chamber, (<b>C</b>) Donning room, (<b>D</b>) Doffing room, (<b>E</b>) Laboratory airlock area, (<b>F</b>) PCR amplification room, (<b>G</b>) PCR master mix room, (<b>H</b>) Specimens and reagents storage area, (<b>I</b>) RNA extraction room, (<b>J</b>) Facility entrance, (<b>K</b>) Toilet, (<b>L</b>) Office 1, (<b>M</b>) Office 2, (<b>N</b>) Office 3. Petrol generator (5.5 kVa) placement indicated by the red rectangle, distribution of extension cords are indicated with red lines, and emergency connection points by red stars.</p
Results of EBOV L-gene RT-PCR in sera subjected to RNA manual (black dots) and automated (circles) extraction.
<p>Results of EBOV L-gene RT-PCR in sera subjected to RNA manual (black dots) and automated (circles) extraction.</p