Motivation and Participation: An Integration

The purpose of this paper is to join together two historically separate schools of management thought. It is suggested that expectancy theory, a highly, »rational« theory of work motivation, can incorporate many of the tenets of the human relations, participative approach to management. This paper only means to be suggestive. Many of the relationship described are based on a rather loose definition of participation and some of the empirical support is only indirect at best. On the other hand, some of our recent research has dealt directly with the hypothesis suggested and the evidence is good. There are numerous studies left to be done in pursuit of this integration but hopefully these ideas provide a valuable initial step

Evidence-based selection of environmental factors and datasets for measuring multiple environmental deprivation in epidemiological research

This Environment and Human Health project aims to develop a health-based summary measure of multiple physical environmental deprivation for the UK, akin to the measures of multiple socioeconomic deprivation that are widely used in epidemiology. Here we describe the first stage of the project, in which we aimed to identify health-relevant dimensions of physical environmental deprivation and acquire suitable environmental datasets to represent population exposure to these dimensions at the small-area level. We present the results of this process: an evidence-based list of environmental dimensions with population health relevance for the UK, and the spatial datasets we obtained and processed to represent these dimensions. This stage laid the foundations for the rest of the project, which will be reported elsewhere

Heterogeneity and Variability in the Context of Flow Lines

We propose a model in which between-individual differences in performance (heterogeneity) and within-individual differences in performance over time (variability) affect flow line performance. The impact of heterogeneity and variability is contingent upon the flow line context, particularly the rules of governing the way work moves between employees (work flow policy). We show how subtle changes in this policy can have a motivational effect on heterogeneity and variability and how these, in turn, and impact the relationship between work flow policy and flow line performance

The effects of job embeddedness on organizational citizenship, job performance, volitional absences, and voluntary turnover

This study extends theory and research on job embeddedness, which was disaggregated into its two major subdimensions, on-the-job and off-the-job embeddedness. As hypothesized, regression analyses revealed that off-the-job embeddedness was significantly predictive of subsequent voluntary turnover and volitional absences, whereas on-the-job embeddedness was not. Also as hypothesized, on-the-job embeddedness was significantly predictive of organizational citizenship and job performance, whereas off-the-job embeddedness was not. In addition, embeddedness moderated the effects of absences, citizenship, and performance on turnover. Implications are discussed

Characterising Free-Range Layer Flocks Using Unsupervised Cluster Analysis

Simple Summary: Little is known on how free-range laying hens on commercial farms exploit their offered resources. However, only when hen usage of the structural resources is understood, can design improvements be made to optimize hen health and welfare. This study was conducted in order to understand the extent to which free-range hens use the aviary system and range. With the help of individual tracking technology, agglomerative, and K-means cluster analysis, we were able to characterize various flock sub-populations. Regardless of the cluster group, hens used the nest boxes and lower feeder tier more consistently compared to the outdoor range and the upper feeder tier. Overall, hens that were more consistent with their average time spent at each location stayed for longer duration at each location than those hens that had inconsistent movement patterns. The identification of 'routine' behavior patterns can be essential for flock management, such as smothering prevention and future shed design. Abstract: This study aimed to identify sub-populations of free-range laying hens and describe the pattern of their resource usage, which can affect hen performance and welfare. In three commercial flocks, 3125 Lohmann Brown hens were equipped with radio-frequency identification (RFID) transponder leg bands and placed with their flock companions, resulting in a total of 40,000 hens/flock. Hens were monitored for their use of the aviary system, including feeder lines, nest boxes, and the outdoor range. K-means and agglomerative cluster analysis, optimized with the Calinski-Harabasz Criterion, was performed and identified three clusters. Individual variation in time duration was observed in all the clusters with the highest individual differences observed on the upper feeder (140 ± 1.02%) and the range (176 ± 1.03%). Hens of cluster 1 spent the least amount time on the range and the most time on the feed chain located at the upper aviary tier (

Towards a methodology for the semi-automatic generation of scientific knowledge graphs from XML documents

Robots used in analytical laboratories, such as those at Unilever, generate vast amounts of log data. This log data is typically stored in semi-structured formats (e.g. XML) according to some standard schema, e.g. the Analytical Information Markup Language (AnIML). Representing this data in a structured format such as a knowledge graph would allow for a more consistent data interpretation, as the relationships between concepts would be formalised in an ontology; consequently making the process of complex data analysis simpler for the scientists involved. We propose a semi-automatic pipeline that exploits the inherent structure of XML schemata, as well as previously represented domain knowledge, to create a knowledge graph that represents log data with its relevant metadata. We utilise ontology alignment techniques to identify related concepts in different ontologies, and therefore provide additional context when predicting the property linking two classes while building the graph

Managing Free-Range Laying Hens-Part A: Frequent and Non-Frequent Range Users Differ in Laying Performance but Not Egg Quality

Little is known about the impact of ranging on laying performance and egg quality of free-range hens. The aim of this study was to characterise egg production of commercial free-range laying hen sub-populations of low-, moderate- and high-range use at an early age. A total of five flocks with 40,000 hens/flock were investigated where 1875 hens/flock were randomly selected at 16 weeks of age, monitored for their range use and subsequently grouped into "stayers" (the 20% of hens that spent the least time on the range), "roamers" (the 20% of the hens that used the range more than stayers but less than rangers) and "rangers" (the 60% of the hens that spent the most time on the range). Eggs from the individual groups were collected in 10-weekly intervals until hens were 72 weeks of age, commercially graded and tested for several quality parameters. Significant differences were noted for hen-day production. For example, at 22 weeks of age, rangers enjoyed a laying rate of 88.0% ± 1.1%, while stayers performed at 78.2% ± 1.9% but at 72 weeks of age egg production of rangers was 85.1% ± 0.9% and of stayers was 95.5% ± 0.9% (

Study of dislocations in copper by weak beam, stereo, and in situ straining TEM

Conventional transmission electron microscopy (TEM) has been an invaluable tool for verifjhg and developing dislocation theories since the first direct observations of dislocations were made using a TEM in the 1950s. Several useful techniques and technological advancements have been made since, helping fbrther the advancement of dislocation knowledge. The present paper concerns two studies of dislocations in copper made by coupling several of these techniques, specifically weak beam, in situ straining, and stereo TEM. Stereo-TEM coupled with in situ straining TEM was used for tracking 3D dislocation motion and interactions in low dislocation density copper foils. A mechanism by which dislocations in a pileup bypass a dislocation node is observed and discussed. Weak beam TEM is used in conjunction with stereo-TEM to analyze the dislocation content of a dense dislocation wall (DDW)