Effects of Information on Consumer Risk Perception and Willingness to Pay for Non-Genetically Modified Corn Oil

Replaced with revised version of paper 07/16/05.Genetically Modified, Contingent Valuation, Willingness to Pay, Risk Perception, Consumer/Household Economics, D12, D11, C35, D81,

PD-1 Inhibits Antiviral Immunity at the Effector Phase in the Liver

Unlike naive T cells, effector T cells can be activated by either T cell receptor signal or costimulatory signal alone and therefore the absence of costimulatory molecules on tissue cells cannot explain the tolerance mechanism at the effector phase. Here we report that PD-L1, the ligand for the immunoinhibitory receptor PD-1, was expressed on vascular endothelium in peripheral tissues. Liver nonparenchymal cells including sinusoidal endothelial cells and Kupffer cells constitutively expressed PD-L1 and inhibited proliferation and cell division of activated T cells expressing PD-1. The absence of PD-1 induced proliferation of effector T cells in the adenovirus-infected liver and resulted in rapid clearance of the virus. These results indicate that PD-1 plays an important role in T cell tolerance at the effector phase and the blockade of the PD-1 pathway can augment antiviral immunity

The clinical use of Kampo medicines (traditional Japanese herbal treatments) for controlling cancer patients’ symptoms in Japan: a national cross-sectional survey

BACKGROUND: Kampo medicines are traditional Japanese medicines produced from medicinal plants and herbs. Even though the efficacy of Kampo medicines for controlling cancer-related symptoms is being reported, their actual nationwide clinical use has not been comprehensively investigated. We aimed to investigate physicians’ recognition of Kampo medicines and their clinical use for cancer patients in the field of palliative care. METHODS: A cross-sectional self-administered anonymous questionnaire was distributed to 549 physicians working in palliative care teams at 388 core cancer treatment hospitals and 161 certified medical institutions that have palliative care units (PCUs). RESULTS: Valid responses were obtained from 311 physicians (response rate, 56.7%) who were evenly distributed throughout the country without significant geographical biases. Kampo medicines were prescribed for controlling cancer-related symptoms by 64.3% of the physicians. The symptoms treated with Kampo medicines were numbness/hypoesthesia (n = 99, 49.5%), constipation (n = 76, 38.0%), anorexia/weight loss (n = 72, 36%), muscle cramps (n = 71, 35.5%) and languor/fatigue (n = 64, 32.0%). Regarding open issues about prescription, 60.7% (n = 173) of the physicians raised the issue that the dosage forms need to be better devised. CONCLUSIONS: To increase the clinical use of Kampo medicines, more evidence from clinical studies is necessary. In addition, their mechanisms of action should be clarified through laboratory studies

Involvement of heterologous ubiquitination including linear ubiquitination in Alzheimer’s disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

In neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), the progressive accumulation of ubiquitin-positive cytoplasmic inclusions leads to proteinopathy and neurodegeneration. Along with the seven types of Lys-linked ubiquitin chains, the linear ubiquitin chain assembly complex (LUBAC)-mediated Met1-linked linear ubiquitin chain, which activates the canonical NF-κB pathway, is also involved in cytoplasmic inclusions of tau in AD and TAR DNA-binding protein 43 in ALS. Post-translational modifications, including heterologous ubiquitination, affect proteasomal and autophagic degradation, inflammatory responses, and neurodegeneration. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in SHARPIN and RBCK1 (which encodes HOIL-1L), components of LUBAC, were recently identified as genetic risk factors of AD. A structural biological simulation suggested that most of the SHARPIN SNPs that cause an amino acid replacement affect the structure and function of SHARPIN. Thus, the aberrant LUBAC activity is related to AD. Protein ubiquitination and ubiquitin-binding proteins, such as ubiquilin 2 and NEMO, facilitate liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS), and linear ubiquitination seems to promote efficient LLPS. Therefore, the development of therapeutic approaches that target ubiquitination, such as proteolysis-targeting chimeras (PROTACs) and inhibitors of ubiquitin ligases, including LUBAC, is expected to be an additional effective strategy to treat neurodegenerative diseases

シンタイ ショウガイシャ フクシ ホウ 1949 12 リツアン カテイ ノ ケントウ チュウ キムラ ブンショ チュウ ノ ホウ リツアン カテイ ノ シ シリョウ オ トオシテ

身体障害者福祉法は、1949年12月に制定された。第二次大戦直後のこの時期に、児童福祉分野に続く福祉サービスの法として成立したことの意義は大きい。しかし、法の制定が敗戦直後の占領期という二重権力体制下の立法であり、加えてその主たる対象が旧傷痍軍人対策という特殊事情などもあり、関係資料や情報が必ずしも明らかにされてこなかった。しかも、立法当事者の制定に至る意思決定段階から法の具体的な立案過程に関しては、先行研究でもほとんど解明されていない。本稿では、従来明らかにされてこなかった本法制定にかかわる関係資料(主に、木村文書中に含む)を紹介・検討するとともに、それらに依拠して制定までの経緯や法立案過程の全体像を明らかにすることを課題とする。Law for the welfare of the physically handicapped was enacted in December, 1949. The meaning of approval as the law of the welfare service is large at this time immediately after World War II. However, the constitution of law was an occupation period immediately after the defeat, and it existed under the double power system. Additionally, the main object of the law was common with the object of the old wound serviceman measures. Therefore, neither related material nor information had been necessarily clarified. 　In this text, the related material that had not been clarified so far is introduced, and examined. Moreover, it aims to clarify the whole image of the process to the law enactment according to those materials

シンタイ ショウガイシャ フクシ ホウ 1949 12 ノ リツアン カテイ ノ ケントウ ジョウ キムラ ブンショ チュウ ノ ホウ リツアン カテイ ノ シ シリョウ オ トオシテ

身体障害者福祉法は、1949年12月に制定された。第二次大戦直後のこの時期に、児童福祉分野に続く福祉サービスの法として成立したことの意義は大きい。しかし、法の制定が敗戦直後の占領期という二重権力体制下の立法であり、加えてその主たる対象が旧傷痍軍人対策という特殊事情などもあり、関係資料や情報が必ずしも明らかにされてこなかった。しかも、立法当事者の制定に至る意思決定段階から法の具体的な立案過程に関しては、先行研究でもほとんど解明されていない。本稿では、従来明らかにされてこなかった本法制定にかかわる関係資料（主に、木村文書中に含む）を紹介・検討するとともにそれらに依拠して制定までの経緯や法立案過程の全体像を明らかにすることを課題とする。Law for the welfare of the physically handicapped was enacted in December, 1949. The meaning of approval as the law of the welfare service is large at this time immediately after World War II. 　However, the constitution of law was an occupation period immediately after the defeat, and it existed under the double power system. Additionally, the main object of the law was common with the object of the old wound serviceman measures. Therefore, neither related material nor information had been necessarily clarified. 　In this text, the related material that had not been clarified so far is introduced, and examined. Moreover, it aims to clarify the whole image of the process to the law enactment according to those materials

シンタイ ショウガイシャ フクシ ホウ 1949 12 リツアン カテイ ノ ケントウ ゲ キムラ ブンショ チュウ ノ ホウ リツアン カテイ ノ シ シリョウ オ トオシテ

身体障害者福祉法は、1949年12月に制定された。第二次大戦直後のこの時期に、児童福祉分野に続く福祉サービスの法として成立したことの意義は大きい。しかし、法の制定が敗戦直後の占領期という二重権力体制下の立法であり、加えてその主たる対象が旧傷痍軍人対策という特殊事情などもあり、関係資料や情報が必ずしも明らかにされてこなかった。しかも、立法当事者の制定に至る意思決定段階から、法の具体的な立案過程に関しては、先行研究でもほとんど解明されていない。本稿では、従来明らかにされてこなかった本法制定にかかわる関係資料(主に、木村文書資料中に含む)を紹介・検討するとともに、それらに依拠して制定までの経緯や法立案過程の全体像を明らかにすることを課題とする。Law for the welfare of the physically handicapped was enacted in December, 1949. The meaning of approval as the law of the welfare service is large at this time immediately after World War II. 　However, the constitution of law was an occupation period immediately after the defeat, and it existed under the double power system. Additionally, the main object of the law was common with the object of the old wound serviceman measures. Therefore, neither related material nor information had been necessarily clarified. 　In this text, the related material that had not been clarified so far is introduced, and examined. Moreover, it aims to clarify the whole image of the process to the law enactment according to those materials

ニチロ センソウ ジ ノ カシ ヘイソツ カゾク エンジョ レイ ノ シコウ ジョウキョウ ト グンジン カゾク エンゴ ジギョウ エノ テンカイ ジョウ カンケイ シ シリョウ ニ ミラレル コウテキ キュウサイ ノ ニホンテキ トクチョウ

日露戦争の開戦直後(1904年.4)に公布された下士兵卒家族救助令とその施行実態については、その全体像は必ずしも明らかではない。 本稿では、その中核とも言える(1)内務省の施行方針の実際および(2)地方での施行状況およびその過程で強力に推進される軍人家族援護事業の実態に重点を置いて取りあげる。 (1)は新たに発掘した内務省の救助令関係通牒類などにより、(2)は山口県での施行状況および援護事業にかかわる史資料などにより、その解明と特質の把握を行なう。 その結果、この救助令施行過程と援護事業の展開に見られる新たな行政施策は、日露戦後間もなく内務省により大々的に推進された感化救済事業行政の先駆・実験場であり、始源と言ってよいことが明らかになった。 以下の目次に沿って展開する(本号では1～3章まで、以下は次号)が、検討に用いた関係史資料のうち重要なものは、添付資料として掲載した。The Soldier\u27s Family Aid Ordinance was promulgated immediately after the Russo-Japanese War starting (April, 1904). The whole image of the ordinance and the enforcement realities is not clear. In this text, it describes from among the matter that should clarify the Ordinance giving priority to the following problem. First, it, is the enforcement policy of the Ordinance of Home Office. Secondarily, it is about the aid work during the enforcement situation and the enforcement of the Ordinance in the provinces. The rescue relation notifying of Home Office that newly excavated it etc. were examined about the first problem. The historical materials related to the Ordinance enforcement situation and the aid work in Yamaguchi Prefecture was examined about the second problem. After Russo-Japanese War, "correction relief work administration" was promoted by Home office on a large scale. It was clarified that a new administrative measure by the Soldier\u27s Family Aid Ordinance under Russo-Japanese War was pioneering correction relief work administration as a result of this research, a proving ground, and an origin