Clinical analysis of small-sized peripheral lung cancer

AbstractObjective: In Japan, with the initiation of the lung cancer screening program, small-sized peripheral lung cancer in which the diameter is 2 cm or less has been increasing. The purpose of this study is to determine the clinicopathologic behavior of small-sized lung cancer. Methods: Four hundred ninety-six patients with cT1 N0, peripheral, resected non-small-cell lung cancer, who were operated on between 1980 and 1996, were selected, grouped by tumor diameter or histologic type, and then analyzed for clinicopathologic behavior. On the basis of measured diameter roentgenographically, the patients were divided into two groups; group c-S with lesions 2 cm or less in diameter and group c-L with lesions 2.1 to 3 cm in diameter. Results: Lymph node metastasis was recognized in 18% of group c-S, in 23% of group c-L, and in 21% for the entire clinical group. The rate of those with the progressive state was 19% in group c-S and 26% in group c-L. The 5-year survival was 79.5% in group c-S and 69.3% in group c-L (i.e., there was a significant difference between the two groups). Conclusion: Compared with the patients with lesions 2.1 to 3 cm in diameter, the patients with small-sized lung cancer had a milder progressive state and a better prognosis.(J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1998;115:1015-20

ESCAP ショウガイ セイカツ ヒンコン ニ カンスル アクションリサーチ コクナイ チョウサ ノ ケッカ

　2012年に国連アジア太平洋経済社会委員会は、アジア太平洋地域の8か国で「障害・生活・貧困に関するアクションリサーチ」を実施した。しかし、同調査は、国際比較を目的としていたため、詳細な調査を実施したにもかかわらず、比較可能な項目についてのみ報告されているのみであった。そこで、本稿では国内の調査結果の詳細について報告した。その結果、障害者世帯の状況、外出時の障壁、生活支援、収入の状況、医療機関受診状況などについて新たな知見が得られた。　United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific（ESCAP）carried out “Action Research on Disability, Poverty and Livelihood” in eight countries of the Asia-Pacific region in 2012. However, it was reported only a comparable item because the investigation was aimed for an international comparison. So the details about domestic findings is reported in this article. As a result, new knowledge was provided about the households of the persons with disabilities, outdoor barriers, life support systems, the situation of the income, the medical institution, etc

Advanced Two-Dimensional Heterojunction Photocatalysts of Stoichiometric and Non-Stoichiometric Bismuth Oxyhalides with Graphitic Carbon Nitride for Sustainable Energy and Environmental Applications

Semiconductor-based photocatalysis has been identified as an encouraging approach for solving the two main challenging problems, viz., remedying our polluted environment and the generation of sustainable chemical energy. Stoichiometric and non-stoichiometric bismuth oxyhalides (BiOX and BixOyXz where X = Cl, Br, and I) are a relatively new class of semiconductors that have attracted considerable interest for photocatalysis applications due to attributes, viz., high stability, suitable band structure, modifiable energy bandgap and two-dimensional layered structure capable of generating an internal electric field. Recently, the construction of heterojunction photocatalysts, especially 2D/2D systems, has convincingly drawn momentous attention practicably owing to the productive influence of having two dissimilar layered semiconductors in face-to-face contact with each other. This review has systematically summarized the recent progress on the 2D/2D heterojunction constructed between BiOX/BixOyXz with graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4). The band structure of individual components, various fabrication methods, different strategies developed for improving the photocatalytic performance and their applications in the degradation of various organic contaminants, hydrogen (H2) evolution, carbon dioxide (CO2) reduction, nitrogen (N2) fixation and the organic synthesis of clean chemicals are summarized. The perspectives and plausible opportunities for developing high performance BiOX/BixOyXz-g-C3N4 heterojunction photocatalysts are also discussed

エイコク ニ オケル コヨウ セイカツ シエン テアテ ノ ショウガイ ニンテイ ノ トクチョウ ニ ツイテ ノ コウサツ

「雇用・生活支援手当(Employment and support allowance)」は、病気や障害のために労働能力が制限される人々に支払われる新しい給付金であり、2008年10月27日から英国で始まった。その目的は、障害者を働ける障害者と働けない障害者に分けて、働けない障害者に手当を支給するというこれまでの方法では、働こうとする障害者の意欲をそぐ可能性があることから、だれもが働くことを求める政策として、手当制度と就労を結びつけようとしたものである。本研究では、その制度の変更が、認定方法にどのように反映されているかを調査し、その認定方法の特徴についてまとめるとともに、その有効性について考察した。その結果、雇用・生活支援手当の障害認定基準は、従来の生活活動に着目した認定基準を採用しており、目的を達成するための基準となっていないのではないかと考えられた。The Employment and support allowance (ESA) is a new benefit paid to the people whose ability of labor is limited by diseases or disabilities. The ESA has been started since October 27, 2008 in the UK. The purpose of the ESA is to connect the benefit system with the work for persons with disabilities (PWDs) and make them work, because it would deminish the motivation to work for PWDs with division of PWDs to 2 categories, who can work and can not work. This study investigates how the ESA affects the definition of disabilites, summarizes the characteristics of the disability authorization, and considers the effectiveness of the ESA. As the reusult, it is founds that the disability autholization of ESA pays its attention only to conventional ADL standard, and it would be difficult for ESA to achieve the purpose

シンタイ ショウガイシャ フクシホウ ノ ショウガイ ニンテイ ノ ゲンジョウ 1 ショウガイ ニンテイ ジッタイ チョウサ ニ オケル ショウガイ ベツ ニンテイ ノ カダイ

身体障害者福祉法は、視覚障害、聴覚・言語障害、肢体不自由を対象として発足し、その後内部障害等を包含する形で進展してきた。しかし、身体障害者福祉法成立当時に比べて、内臓の機能障害にまで障害の範囲が拡大されたり医療技術が進歩するなどにより障害の概念がわかりにくくなった。そこで、身体障害者福祉法が、本来目的としている更生援護を適切に達成し、かつ、真に必要な人に、必要なサービスを、適切な時期に提供するための障害認定のありかたについて検討するための基本的な資料を得るために、各都道府県の障害認定の実態を調査した。本稿は、その調査の結果の一部である、障害認定の課題を障害類型別に整理・検討した。The Law for Persons with Physical Disabilities started for persons with visual impairments, hearing and speech impairment, and limbs and trunk impairment. And it has progressed to include internal disorders afterwards. As the result, a general idea of disability has become to be complicated because the range of impairment was enlarged to internal disorders, and medical care technology made advances, etc., compared with those days the Law for Persons with Physical Disabilities started. A survey of each prefecture was carried out to investigate the reality of disability determination in order to get a basic information to examine an ideal method of disability determination to offer the service that is necessary to persons with physical disabilities in the appropriate time. This article is one part of result of the survey. The problems are classified and examined by types

ショウガイ オ モツ アメリカ ジン ホウ ADA ニ ミル シャカイ モデル テキヨウ ノ モンダイテン ニ カンスル コウサツ

障害をもつアメリカ人法(ADA)は、障害者差別禁止法であり、障害者の雇用促進を目的の一つとして成立したが、同法施行後は、意図とは逆に障害者の雇用率が低下した。本論では、その原因を社会モデルの適用の問題であるととらえ、ADA型社会モデルはマイノリティーモデルと機能主義モデルの融合であり、市場競争力の問題、障害表明の危険性の問題、裁判手続きに対する心理的問題、重度障害者排除の問題、二本立て障害者雇用政策の問題があることを指摘した。Americans with Disability Acts (ADA) is an anti-discrimination act for persons with disabilities. Although one of the purpose of the Act is promoting the employment for persons with disabilities, the employment rate of persons with disabilities has decreased since the Act passed. The author insists that the reason of the decrease is the problem of application of social model. The ADA social model, which is the fusion of the minority model and the functional model, causes the problems of competition in the market, the problem of disability coming out, of the psychological rebel of trial process, of exclusion of persons with severe disabilities and of the dual policy in employment for persons with disabilities