Detection of peramivir and laninamivir, new anti-influenza drugs, in sewage effluent and river waters in Japan

This is the first report of the detection of two new anti-influenza drugs, peramivir (PER) and laninamivir (LAN), in Japanese sewage effluent and river waters. Over about 1 year from October 2013 to July 2014, including the influenza prevalence season in January and February 2014, we monitored for five anti-influenza drugs - oseltamivir (OS), oseltamivir carboxylate (OC), zanamivir (ZAN), PER, and LAN - in river waters and in sewage effluent flowing into urban rivers of the Yodo River system in Japan. The dynamic profiles of these anti-influenza drugs were synchronized well with that of the numbers of influenza patients treated with the drugs. The highest levels in sewage effluents and river waters were, respectively, 82 and 41 ng/L (OS), 347 and 125 ng/L (OC), 110 and 35 ng/L (ZAN), 64 and 11 ng/L (PER), and 21 and 9 ng/L (LAN). However, application of ozone treatment before discharge from sewage treatment plants was effective in reducing the levels of these anti-influenza drugs in effluent. The effectiveness of the ozone treatment and the drug dependent difference in susceptibility against ozone were further evidenced by ozonation of a STP effluent in a batch reactor. These findings should help to promote further environmental risk assessment of the generation of drug-resistant influenza viruses in aquatic environments

Laparoscopic Non-clamping Tumor Enucleation of Renal Hilum Schwannoma in a Single Kidney: A Case Report

A 56-year-old woman underwent laparoscopic right nephrectomy due to pyonephrosis associated with right ureteral stones. Moreover, the patient developed a brain stem hemorrhage and became bedridden. At the time of nephrectomy, a renal tumor, with a size of 24 × 24 × 20 mm, was observed in the left renal hilum; the tumor did not show contrast enhancement on computed tomography. After 3 years, the tumor gradually grew to a size of 45 × 35 × 34 mm, and therefore, laparoscopic non-clamping tumor enucleation was performed. Pathological examination confirmed a diagnosis of renal schwannoma

Chemical structures and physicochemical properties of the anti-influenza drugs examined [22, 28–37].

<p>Chemical structures and physicochemical properties of the anti-influenza drugs examined [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0131412#pone.0131412.ref022" target="_blank">22</a>, <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0131412#pone.0131412.ref028" target="_blank">28</a>–<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0131412#pone.0131412.ref037" target="_blank">37</a>].</p