II. Meşrutiyet’ten Kurtuluş Savaşı’na Sivas’ta gayrimüslimler

ÖZET Türk tarihinin önemli şehirlerinden Sivas, tarih boyunca bünyesinde Müslüman Türklerden başka pek çok milleti barındırmıştır. Gayrimüslimler dediğimiz Müslüman olmayan bu kavimler tarih boyunca şehirdeki varlıklarını sürdürmüşlerdir. Bu tezde de Sivas’ta yaşayan gayrimüslimlerin tarihi kökenleri ve Malazgirt Savaşı ile başlayan çeşitli Türk yönetimleri altında ki yaşayışları ele alınmıştır. Osmanlı Devleti’nde ki statüleri, yaşayışları, yaptıkları meslekler konu edilmiştir. Osmanlı Devleti’nin zor yılları olan XX. yüzyıldaki nüfusları, ekonomik faaliyetleri, dini yaşamları, eğitim faaliyetleri, Müslümanlar ile ilişkileri, idari hayattaki yerleri ve siyasi faaliyetleri incelenmiştir. Sivas’ta en çok Ermeniler ön plana çıkmıştır. Özellikle Ermenilerin Sivas yaşamındaki önemine ayrıntılı olarak değinilmiştir. Ayrıca Ermenilerin I.Dünya Savaşı’nda Müslümanlara ve Osmanlı Devleti’ne karşı faaliyetleri ele alınarak; tehcir ve geri dönüş kararnamesi gibi Osmanlı Devleti’nin son dönemlerinde imza attığı kararların Sivas üzerindeki etkisine değinilmiştir. Gayrimüslimlerin milli mücadele yıllarındaki faaliyetleri ele alınarak Kurtuluş Savaşı sonrası durumları değerlendirilmiştir. SUMMARY Sivas which is one of the fundamental cities of Turkish history accommodated many nations besides Muslim Turks in it. Throughout the history, this so called ‘gayrimüslim’ meaning non-Muslim societies existed in this city. In this thesis, the historical roots of the non-Muslims who lived in Sivas and their way of living under Turkish control since Malazgirt War is under debated. Their significance in all aspects such as their status, way of living, and occupations in Ottoman Empire is emphasized. Their population, economic and educational activities, religious lives, relationships with Muslims, positions in the administrative life and political activities in the XX. century which is a difficult age for Ottoman Empire are examined. The most significant minority in Sivas was Armenian so, particularly, Armenians’ importance in the daily life of Sivas is explained in detail. Furthermore, not only Armenians’ activities against Muslims and Ottoman Empire in the World War I. but also the effects of some decisions such as forced emigration and returning governmental decision, which are made by Ottoman Empire in its last periods on Sivas are mentioned. Non-Muslims’ actions in the national struggle years and their situation after the Turkish War of Independence are evaluated

A compact W-band low-noise radiometry sensor for a single-pixel passive millimeter-wave imager

WOS:000997586100001Recently, studies on the remote detection of dangerous objects on the person have gained importance with increased security problems. Therefore, the use of passive millimeter waves in security systems is increasing because they are harmless to health and can penetrate clothes. In this study, a compact low-noise radiometric sensor (LNRS) that can be used to view hidden objects on the person was constructed. The LNRS can be arrayed thanks to its small size and ease of use, and can be used in imaging applications thanks to the 0.24 K resolution obtained. In addition, a passive millimeter imaging system (PMMWI) was developed to obtain images with the LNRS. The PMMWI system, which is realized in a quasi-optical structure, can be used in many experimental studies thanks to its compact structure

Design of quad-port circular MIMO antenna with isolation improved by shorting walls

WOS:000595325000020A compact co-located quad-port circular multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) antenna system operating at a wide frequency range of 3.0 - 5.0 GHz is designed in this study. The antenna system comprises a 20 mm radius circular patch composed of four co-located elements fed by 50 Ohm probe and a 50 x 50 mm(2) ground plane. To alleviate the mutual coupling among the antenna elements, the circular patch is split into four quadrants using two orthogonal shorting walls (SWs). In order to further improve the impedance matching, two circular slots are etched on the edge of the elements. The mutual coupling reducing performance of the SW is examined through the surface current and E-field distributions. The performance analysis of the MIMO system, regarding the radiation patterns, envelope-correlation-coefficient (ECC) and peak gain is thoroughly investigated. The antenna system is eligible for especially the access points due to being compact and versatile

A W band waveguide detector module using zero bias schowttky diode

37th IEEE International Conference on Electronics and Nanotechnology (ELNANO) -- APR 18-20, 2017 -- Kyiv, UKRAINEWOS:000403399800028In this paper, it is aimed to design and realize a broad W-band and high sensitive waveguide detector module using a zero-bias schottky diode. The commercial off-the-shelf GaAs detector diode Aeroflex / Metelics MZBD-9161 is adopted to build a zero-bias direct detector, along with full band antipodal finline transition, microstrip line with DC microstrip blocker and low pass filter. This structure is placed in a gold-plated brass box (input W band waveguide and output SMA female connector) to form a W-band detector module. Voltage sensitivity up to 700 mV/mW from 75 GHz to 110 GHz (full W-band) is achieved. The module is based on microstrip circuit and gold plated brass box and is therefore easy and cheap to fabricate, which satisfies the low-cost requirements of assembling radiometer and millimeter wave imagers.IEEE, IEEE Ukraine Sect, IEEE EMBS Ukraine Chapter, IEEE Ukraine Sect IE IA PE Soc Joint Chapter, IEEE KPI Student Branch, IEEE Ukraine AES SP Joint Chapter, Natl Acad Sci Ukraine, Inst Microdevices, Natl Acad Sci, V Ye Lashkaryov Inst Semiconductor Phys Ukraine, youngprofessionals, IEEE E Ukraine AP MTT ED AES GRS NPS Soc Joint Chapter, Natl Aviat Univ, IEEE Cent Ukraine ED MTT COM CPMT SSC Soc Joint Chapter, Teleopt PRA Ltd, Natl Tech Univ Ukraine, Kyiv Polytechn Ins

Design and fabrication of circular microstrip antenna with different feeding methods for wlan applications

Kablosuz yerel alan ağlarında (WLAN) ve günümüz teknolojisi ile hızla artan kişisel iletişim araçlarında mikroşerit antenlerin (MA) kullanımı, yüzeylere kolay montaj, hafif ve kolay imalat nedeniyle yaygınlaşmıştır. Literatür incelendiğinde, MA'ların düşük güç, düşük verimlilik ve dar çalışma frekans bandı gibi ana dezavantajları olduğu görülmektedir. Bu dezavantajların etkilerini en aza indirmek için, çeşitli boyut ve şekillerde (genellikle daire, dikdörtgen ve üçgen) tasarlanmış MA'ların farklı besleme yöntemleriyle beslendiği gözlenmiştir. Bu çalışmada WLAN bandında (2.4 GHz) yayın yapan mikroşerit hat ve koaksiyel kablo ile beslenen iki adet dairesel MA (DAMA) elektromanyetik tasarım ve analiz metodunu kullanan CST programı ile tasarlanmış ve laboratuvar ortamında üretilmiştir. Üretilen DAMA’ların ölçümleri sonucu elde edilen veriler karşılaştırılarak farlı besleme metotlarının anten performansı üzerindeki etkileri gözlemlenmiştir.The use of microstrip antennas (MA) in Wireless local area networks (WLAN) and personal communication tools, which are rapidly increasing in use with today's technology, has become widespread due to their easy installation on surfaces, light weight and easy fabrication. It is seen that MAs have major disadvantages such as low power, low efficiency and narrow frequency operating band, when studies in the literature are examined. In order to minimize the effects of these disadvantages, it has been observed that MAs, which are designed in various sizes and shapes (generally circle, rectangular and triangular), are fed with different feeding methods. In this study, two circular microstrip antenna (CMA) in WLAN band (2.4 GHz), fed by micro-strip line and coaxial cable, were designed with CST program using electromagnetic design and analysis method and produced in laboratory. By comparing the data obtained from the measurements of the CMA’s produced, the effects of feeding methods on antenna performance were observed

Yagi-uda array patch antenna simulations and realization

Kablosuz haberleşme sistemlerinde, tekli anten yapıları yerine dizi antenler kullanılarak istenen yönde daha güçlü bir ışıma elde edilir. Işıma gücünü artırmak için daha büyük anten yapıları kullanılabilir ancak bunun da bir sınırı vardır ve istenmeyen yönlerde de ışımalar oluşur. Bu nedenle, haberleşme sistemlerinde anten dizilerinin önemi giderek artmaktadır. VHF, UHF radyo ve TV yayınları için özel olarak tasarlanmış olan YagiUda antenler en çok bilinen dizi antenlerdir. Daha yüksek frekanslarda çalışan dizi antenler tasarlamak için daha büyük dipol anten yapıları kullanmak gerekir. Bu çalışmada kablosuz sistemler için yaygın olarak kullanılan yama anten teknolojisi ile 2.4 GHz çalışma frekansında çalışan 3 elemanlı Yagi-Uda Dizi Yama Anten (YUDYA) elde edebilmek için farklı sayıda benzetimler CST elektromanyetik programı ile yapılmış ve en iyi ışımaya sahip YUDYA labaratuvar ortamında gerçekleştirilmiştir. 3 elamanlı YUDYA koaksiyel besleme yöntemi ile beslenmiş, dizi elemanlarının boyutları CST programı üzerinde optimize edilerek anten performansına etkileri karşılaştırmalı olarak analiz edilmiştir.In wireless communication systems, using a series of antennas instead of single antenna structures, a stronger radiation is obtained in the desired direction. Larger antenna structures can be used to increase luminescence, but this has a limit and radiations occur in unwanted directions. Therefore, the importance of antenna arrays is increasing in communication systems. Designed specifically for VHF, UHF radio and TV broadcasts, Yagi-Uda antennas are the most well-known array antennas. In order to design array antennas operating at higher frequencies, it is necessary to use larger dipole antenna structures. In this study, in order to obtain a 3-member Yagi-Uda Array Patch Antenna (YUDYA) operating at 2.4 GHz operating frequency with patch antenna technology commonly used for wireless systems, different simulations were performed with CST electromagnetic program and carried out in the best radiated YUDYA laboratory environment. The three element YUDYA was fed by coaxial feeding method, the dimensions of the array elements were optimized on CST program and their effects on antenna performance were analyzed comparatively

Design and fabrication of rectangular microstrip antenna with different dimensions and feeding methods operating at 2.4 ghz resonant frequency

Günümüzde mikroşerit antenler (MA), diğer mikrodalga anten çeşitlerine göre daha üstün özelliklere sahip olmasına bağlı olarak kablosuz haberleşme sistemlerinde sıkça tercih edilen anten türü haline gelmiştir. Literatürdeki çalışmalar incelendiğinde, MA’lar için yapılan çalışmaların çoğu, analizlerinin kolaylığı sebebiyle dikdörtgen, üçgen ve daire gibi düzgün geometrik şekiller üzerine yoğunlaştığı görülmektedir. MA’ların çalışma frekansları antenin fiziksel ve elektriksel parametreleri ile değişirken, bant genişliği, anten kazancı ve geri dönüş kaybı gibi performans parametreleri farklı besleme yöntemleri ve besleme noktası seçimleri ile değişmektedir. Bu çalışmada, 2.4 GHz frekansında çalışan farklı boyutlara sahip (60 mm x 40 mm ve 50 mm x 45 mm) mikroşerit hat ve koaksiyel beslemeli iki dikdörtgen MA (DMA) tasarlanmış ve gerçekleştirilerek ölçümleri yapılmıştır. DMA tasarımları sonlu integral metodunu temel alan CST elektromanyetik benzetim programı ile yapılmış ve laboratuvar ortamında gerçekleştirilmiştir. Farklı boyut ve besleme yöntemli iki DMA’nın ölçümleri neticesinde elde edilen sonuçlar performans parametreleri üzerinden karşılaştırılarak besleme yöntemi ve besleme noktası seçimlerinin bu parametreler üzerine etkileri analiz edilmiştir.Today, microstrip antennas (MA) have become the preferred antenna type in wireless communication systems due to their superior characteristics compared to other types of microwave antennas. When the studies in the literature are examined, it is seen that most of the studies for MAs concentrate on smooth shaped geometric shapes such as rectangles, triangles and circles due to their ease of analysis. While the operating frequencies of the MAs vary with the physical and electrical parameters of the antenna, performance parameters such as bandwidth, antenna gain and return loss vary with different feeding methods and feed point selections In this study, it has different dimensions (60 mm x 40 mm and 50 mm x 45 mm) operating at a frequency of 2.4 GHz two rectangular MA (DMA) with microstrip line and coaxial feed were designed and measured. DMA designs were made with the CST electromagnetic simulation program based on the finite integral method and were carried out in the laboratory. The results of two DMA measurements with different dimensions and feeding methods were compared over performance parameters and the effects of feeding method and feeding point selection on these parameters were analyzed

Multi-objective design of multi-layer radar absorber using surrogate-based optimization

WOS:000481982100011Design of multi-layer radar absorber material (MRAM) is a multi-objective problem for minimizing total reflection (TR) together with the total thickness (TT) by selecting optimum variables such as the material type for each layer from a material database and determining the thickness of each layer. In this paper, five-layer broadband and wide-incident-angle MRAMs (BWM) at the most important radar bands of 0.2-2, 2-8, 8-12, 12-18, and 2-18 GHz are optimally designed through an implemented EM model by taking into account of the incident wave angle with TE and TM polarizations using surrogate-based optimization (SbO) integrated with Pareto front technique. The MRAMs are optimized for the multi-objective functions of the TR and TT by ensuring the tradeoff for mean oblique incident between 0 degrees and 40 degrees with a mean of TE and TM. The BWMs have, respectively, the TT and TR of 3.38 mm, -27.83 dB; 2.13 mm, -22.31 dB; 1.11 mm, -25.24 dB; 1.0426 mm, -25.47 dB; and 2.69 mm, -18.88 dB. They are elaborately compared with those in the literature. Therefore, the proposed BWMs are the most optimal designs with regard to the TR and TT, thanks to the computational fast and powerful multi-objective SbO and Pareto front

Design of a dual polarized mmwave horn antenna using decoupled microstrip line feeder

6th International Conference on Electrical Engineering, ICEE 2020 -- 25 September 2020 through 27 September 2020 -- -- 164956In this study, a dual polarized horn antenna (DPHA) with a novel feeding system was designed at W band for millimeter wave receivers. The DPHA consists of the printed circuit board (PCB feeding system and back side short cavity, which closes the rear of the wave guide and a pyramid horn in the direction of radiation. The PCB feeding system has two orthogonally positioned microstrip line feeder elements with 50Ohm microstrip transmission line (MTL) and symmetrical square patches. There is enough space in DPHA for additional electronic circuits following the feeding system, such as LNA and mixer. Moreover, various parasitic strip line structure such as monopole, T shape, Y shape, short circuit and neutralization line were then added between the square patches so as to further increase the isolation between the feeding ports. The best isolation level was thus achieved by using the monopole structure without resulting in a gain loss. The DPHA was therefore designed with higher than 20dBi gain and a level of 15dB isolation as dual polarization between 80GHz and 100GHz. The DPHA can be used in millimeter wave polarimetric imaging systems and similar applications. © 2020 IEEE

Global optimisation scheme based on triple-objective ABC algorithm for designing fully optimised multi-layer radar absorbing material

WOS:000543397400015Multilayer radar absorbing material (MRAM) is composed by superimposing different dielectric material layers with various thicknesses for reducing the reflection of electromagnetic (EM) wave. In this study, a novel triple-objective optimisation scheme based on Pareto-integrated artificial bee colony (P-ABC) algorithm is presented for the fully-optimised design of four broad-band and broad-angle MRAMs (BB-MRAMs) at the most interested radar bands 2-8, 8-12, 12-18 and 2-18 GHz between the angle range of 0 degrees-60 degrees. Two objective functions depending on total reflections (TRs) with TE and TM polarisations are constituted by taking the weighted mean of the TR in the incident wave angle and frequency. The BB-MRAMs are optimally designed by determining simultaneously the design variables of the thickness and material of each layer for minimising synchronously the three objective functions TE-TR, TM-TR and total thickness through the P-ABC, as well as by assuring the trade-off among the objectives. The BB-MRAMs are also verified under various cases through a comparison with simulated results by a full-wave simulator. The designed BB-MRAMs are even compared with the near-optimal MRAMs reported elsewhere. Therefore, the fully-optimised BB-MRAMs by the proposed triple-objective scheme are the global optimal designs thanks to the robust P-ABC algorithm