Poultry Feed Resources and Coping Mechanisms of Challenges in Sidama Zone, Southern Ethiopia

The study was conducted in Wondogenet and Shebedino woredas of Sidama zone with the objective of assessing the existing poultry feed resources, challenges and coping mechanisms. Multi stage sampling techniques were used. The potential supplementary feeds used were maize (17.85±2.21), household scraps (10.96±1.36) and cereal debris (9.05±1.08) gram per chicken per day. During the wet season of the year, 89.1% of the respondents feed scarcity was aggravated. Farmers were tackled poultry feed scarcity by feeding Enset (Ensete ventricosum)  by-products (30.8%), food left over and household wastes (13.3%), available major green feeds and non-conventional feed resources like growing worms and insect. The feed offered were entirely incomplete and inadequate. Therefore, efforts have to be made to design and implement interventions, aiming at improving poultry feed resource base and practices. Keywords: Challenges, Coping mechanism, poultry feed, Supplementation

Determination of heavy and essential elements in tap water using Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES) in Kembata Tembaro Zone: SNNPR, Ethiopia

An appropriate level of concentration of elements in the human body is vital for its proper functioning. The measurement of both heavy and essential elements determines the quality of the water that tremendously correlated with the health of the consumers. In this study, the concentration levels of five essential metals (Na, K, Ca, Mg and Zn) and three heavy metals (Pb, Hg and Cd) were determined in the tap water by Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES) technique after pre-concentration and acid digestion. The result of the study had revealed that the concentrations of metals in the tap water samples (in mg/L) were in the ranges of: Ca (16.52-24.74), K (8.43-11.44), Mg (5.10-11.30), Na (18.89-28.62), Pb (0.02- 0.03), Zn (1.22-2.44), Cd (0.01) and Hg ( 0.04-0.05). The concentrations of essential elements were very small as compared to their recommended value by USEPA/WHO while the concentration of heavy metals were above the maximum levels recommended by EPA, WHO and USEPA. Thus, it can be concluded that this water requires treatment for heavy metals beforeused by the community

Study on Spatial Distribution of Tsetse Fly and Prevalence of Bovine Trypanosomosis and other Risk Factors: Case Study in Darimu District, Ilu Aba Bora Zone, Western Ethiopia

African Animal Trypanosomosis is one of the major impediments to livestock development and agricultural production in Ethiopia, which negatively affect the overall development in agriculture in general, and to food self-reliance efforts in particular.  Currently, about 180,000 to 200,000km2 of fertile arable land of west and southwest of the country is underutilized. Darimu district is one of the areas with such problems. Therefore, a cross-sectional study was conducted with the objectives of assessing the prevalence of Bovine Trypanosomosis and determines spatial distribution and apparent density of tsetse and other biting flies in the study area. In current study, a total of 650 blood samples were collected from randomly selected animals and subjected to Buffy coat parasitological laboratory technique and positive samples were subjected to thin blood smear followed by Giemsa staining. Out of the total blood sampled, 7.1% tested positive for trypanosomosis. Out of positive cases, Trypanosoma congolense (82.61%) was the dominant trypanosome species followed by mixed infection (Trypanosoma congolense and Trypanosoma vivax) (8.67%). Infection with Trypanosoma vivax and Trypanosoma brucei were equally prevalent 4.35% (2/46). Statistically significant difference (P<0.05) was observed in the prevalence among the species of trypanosomes. Trypanosomosis prevalence based on body conditions were found to be: 11.43%, 5.40% and 4.16% in poor, medium and good body condition, respectively and there were statistically significant difference (P<0.05) in infection rate among animals of different body conditions. The mean packed cell volume (PCV) values of parasitaemic and aparasitaemic animals were 21.18+2.91 and 28.28+3.82, respectively and was  statistically  significant (P<0.05). Furthermore, for entomological survey, a total of 1170 flies were caught by deploying 70 monopyramidal shaped traps. Of these flies, 962 (82.22%) were Glossina, whilst the remaining flies were either Stomoxys (12.56%) or Tabanus (5.21%). The overall apparent densities of tsetse flies, Stomoxys and Tabanus were 6.87 f/t/d, 1.05 f/t/d and 0.44f/t/d, respectively. Generally, this survey showed that despite frequent control strategy is implemented; trypanosomosis is still a core problem for livestock production in the study area. Therefore, the current control strategies implemented in the area should be assessed and integrated disease and vectors control approaches should be practiced. Keywords: Prevalence; Bovine Trypanosomosis; Buffy coat; Spatial distribution, Tsetse fly; Darim

Sectorial Transition Dilemma of Smallholder Grain Farmers To Light Manufacturing Industry in Jimma Zone, Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia

This research was designed to assess willingness, ability, motive, preference and determinants of smallholder major grain farmer’s transition dilemma to light manufacturing industry in Jimma Zone, Oromia Region, Ethiopia. The participants of the study were selected using two stage non probabilistic, purposive sampling. Then, we prepared sample frame from each Kebeles fall in our selection pool. Finally, 399 household heads (farmers) were selected for this study, using stratified sampling. Then, primary data collected via structured questionnaire was analyzed descriptively and in binary logistic regression. Accordingly, majority of smallholder major grain farmers need to stay on their current crop farming. Increasing these products productivity and price is one possible means of intervention to improve the areas smallholder farmer’s livelihood. The descriptive statistics depicts that, small holder farmers’ transitional dilemma to light manufacturing sector and the fate of industrialization plan in Jimma zone is at its infant stage and those small holder farmers have almost no any awareness, no know how about technologies, not trained and they have no entrepreneurial skill. The result revels that the major determinants of smallholder grain farmers sectorial transition plan in the study area was significantly affected by age, sex,  marital status, skilled labour access, access to credit, price product expectation, place,Awareness, Education level, Entrepreneur skill, Training,  Transport and Energy.Hence, effort should be geared in manner that build farmers capacity through adult literacy program, formal education and with short term training. This research was designed to assess willingness, ability, motive, preference and determinants of smallholder major grain farmer’s transition dilemma to light manufacturing industry in Jimma Zone, Oromia Region, Ethiopia. The participants of the study were selected using two stage non probabilistic, purposive sampling. Then, we prepared sample frame from each Kebeles fall in our selection pool. Finally, 399 household heads (farmers) were selected for this study, using stratified sampling. Then, primary data collected via structured questionnaire was analyzed descriptively and in binary logistic regression. Accordingly, majority of smallholder major grain farmers need to stay on their current crop farming. Increasing these products productivity and price is one possible means of intervention to improve the areas smallholder farmer’s livelihood. The descriptive statistics depicts that, small holder farmers’ transitional dilemma to light manufacturing sector and the fate of industrialization plan in Jimma zone is at its infant stage and those small holder farmers have almost no any awareness, no know how about technologies, not trained and they have no entrepreneurial skill. The result revels that the major determinants of smallholder grain farmers sectorial transition plan in the study area was significantly affected by age, sex,  marital status, skilled labour access, access to credit, price product expectation, place,Awareness, Education level, Entrepreneur skill, Training,  Transport and Energy.Hence, effort should be geared in manner that build farmers capacity through adult literacy program, formal education and with short term training. 

The Relationship Between Multilateral Environmental Agreements and the WTO Regime: The Way Forward

Conflict exists between World Trade Agreement (WTO) and Multilateral Environmental Agreements (MEAs). This is because governments when negotiating MEAs they include measures which sanction trade coercion and create provisions to restrict trade despite WTO rules to which the same Governments subscribe, does not permit such use of trade measures. After analyzing the relationship between the WTO and MEAs, this writing argues that the growing global interconnectedness, both in economic and environment, needs coherence and coordination in trade and environmental policies, rules, and institutions. Keywords: WTO, MEAs, GATT, Non Discrimination, MFN DOI: 10.7176/IAGS/77-03 Publication date: November 30th 201

Trademark Protection in Ethiopia Vis-a-vis TRIPs: A Closer Look to the Requirements of Protection & Exclusive Rights of the Owner

Although the contribution and share of intellectual property rights to the country‘s economic growth is not paramount as of today, the Ethiopian Trade mark system has established a protection of Trade mark up on enacting trade mark proclamation. Similarly, as Ethiopia is on the move of to Acceding to World Trade Organization (WTO), the compatibility of Trade mark Proclamation with the TRIPs system is crucial.Therefore, this writing will scrutinize the system of trade mark protection in Ethiopia in line with TRIPs agreement and argues that despite there are some points which need consideration,  the Ethiopian trademark proclamation is compatible and there are even TRIPS plus provisions in it which thereby the negotiating team of the country has nothing to worry on its accession to WTO as far as Trade mark Proclamation is concerned. Keywords: TRIPS, Paris Convention, Well Known Mark, WTO DOI: 10.7176/JLPG/90-01 Publication date:October 31st 201

Menstrual hygiene practice among adolescent girls in Ethiopia : a systematic review and meta-analysis

Adolescent girls face several challenges relating to menstruation and its proper management. Lack of adequate sanitary products, inadequate water supply, and privacy for changing sanitary pads continue to leave adolescent girls with limited options for safe and proper menstrual hygiene in many low-income settings, including Ethiopia. These situations are also compounded by societal myths, stigmas surrounding menstruation, and discriminatory social norms. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to estimate the pooled proportion of safe menstrual hygiene management among adolescent girls in Ethiopia using the available studies. Methods We searched PubMed, Google Scholar, African Journal Online (AJOL), Hinari, Science Direct, ProQuest, Direct of Open Access Journals, POPLINE, and Cochrane Library database inception to May 31, 2021. Studies reporting the proportion of menstrual hygiene management among adolescent girls in Ethiopia were considered. The Cochrane Q test statistics and I2 tests were used to assess the heterogeneity of the included studies. Since the included studies revealed considerable heterogeneity, a random effect meta-analysis model was used to estimate the pooled proportion of menstrual hygiene management (MHM). Results Of 1,045 identified articles, 22 studies were eligible for analysis (n = 12,330 participants). The pooled proportion (PP) of safe MHM in Ethiopia was 52.69% (95%CI: 44.16, 61.22). The use of commercial menstrual absorbents was common 64.63% (95%CI: 55.32, 73.93, I2 99.2%) followed by homemade cloth 53.03% (95%CI: 22.29, 83.77, I2 99.2%). Disposal of absorbent material into the latrine was the most common practice in Ethiopia 62.18% (95% CI: 52.87, 71.49, I2 98.7%). One in four girls reported missing one or more school days during menstruation (PP: 32.03%, 95%CI: 22.65%, 41.40%, I2 98.2%). Conclusion This study revealed that only half of the adolescent girls in Ethiopia had safe MHM practices. To ensure that girls in Ethiopia can manage menstruation hygienically and with dignity, strong gender-specific water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) facilities along with strong awareness creation activities at every level are needed

Groundwater potential mapping using GIS and remote sensing with multi-criteria decision-making in Shinile sub-basin, eastern Ethiopia

The main challenge for water resources development as well as food security in arid and semi-arid regions of Ethiopia is the hydroclimatic variability. Groundwater resources are largely the main sources of water supply in such regions, alleviating the pressure of hydroclimatic variability on water resources. The present study delineated the potential groundwater zones in the Shinile sub-basin by using geospatial techniques. The criteria used were: geology, geomorphology, slope, soil, lineament density, drainage density, land use land cover, topographic wetness index, topographic roughness index, and rainfall. The relative weights were given by the analytic hierarchy process. A validation was done using the area under the curve (AUC=0.941) of the receiver operating curve (ROC) from borehole data. The study region was partitioned to low, moderate, and high potential groundwater zones having respectively 1.5%, 43%, and 55% of the total area. The high potential areas are concentrated in the central part where alluvial and lacustrine sediment is the dominant geologic unit. The validation results suggest that the geospatial identification of groundwater potential zones effectively performed well in the study area. This study is very important for water management experts as well as for stakeholders and policymakers in the study region

Association between water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) and child undernutrition in Ethiopia : a hierarchical approach

Background: Undernutrition is a significant public health challenge and one of the leading causes of child mortality in a wide range of developing countries, including Ethiopia. Poor access to water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) facilities commonly contributes to child growth failure. There is a paucity of information on the interrelationship between WASH and child undernutrition (stunting and wasting). This study aimed to assess the association between WASH and undernutrition among under-five-year-old children in Ethiopia. Methods: A secondary data analysis was undertaken based on the Ethiopian Demographic and Health Surveys (EDHS) conducted from 2000 to 2016. A total of 33,763 recent live births extracted from the EDHS reports were included in the current analysis. Multilevel logistic regression models were used to investigate the association between WASH and child undernutrition. Relevant factors from EDHS data were identified after extensive literature review. Results: The overall prevalences of stunting and wasting were 47.29% [95% CI: (46.75, 47.82%)] and 10.98% [95% CI: (10.65, 11.32%)], respectively. Children from households having unimproved toilet facilities [AOR: 1.20, 95% CI: (1.05,1.39)], practicing open defecation [AOR: 1.29, 95% CI: (1.11,1.51)], and living in households with dirt floors [AOR: 1.32, 95% CI: (1.12,1.57)] were associated with higher odds of being stunted. Children from households having unimproved drinking water sources were significantly less likely to be wasted [AOR: 0.85, 95% CI: (0.76,0.95)] and stunted [AOR: 0.91, 95% CI: (0.83, 0.99)]. We found no statistical differences between improved sanitation, safe disposal of a child’s stool, or improved household flooring and child wasting. Conclusion: The present study confirms that the quality of access to sanitation and housing conditions affects child linear growth indicators. Besides, household sources of drinking water did not predict the occurrence of either wasting or stunting. Further longitudinal and interventional studies are needed to determine whether individual and joint access to WASH facilities was strongly associated with child stunting and wasting

Earning pocket money and girls' menstrual hygiene management in Ethiopia : a systematic review and meta-analysis

Background: Many adolescent girls in Ethiopia and elsewhere missed school during their monthly cycles due to a lack of affordable menstrual absorbent materials or money to buy sanitary pads. So far, few studies have looked into the relationship between earning pocket money and maintaining good menstrual hygiene. Hence, this systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to synthesize the best available evidence regarding the association between earning pocket money and menstrual hygiene management among adolescents in Ethiopia. Methods: We systematically searched PubMed, Hinari, Science Direct, Cochrane Library, ProQuest, POPLINE, African Journal Online, Direct of Open Access Journals, and Google Scholar for studies examining the association between earning pocket money and menstrual hygiene management among adolescent girls in Ethiopia, without restriction in a publication year. The Joanna Briggs Institute quality assessment tool for the cross-sectional studies was used to assess the quality of included studies. A prefabricated checklist, including variables: first author, publication year, sample size, type of questionnaire, and the region was used to extract data from the selected articles. A random-effect meta-analysis model was used to estimate the pooled odds ratio (OR) of the association between earning pocket money and menstrual hygiene management. The heterogeneity and publication bias was assessed by using I2 test statistics and Egger’s test, respectively. Results: Data from nine studies involving 4783 adolescent girls were extracted. The meta-analysis revealed that adolescent girls who earned pocket money from their parents or relative had 1.64 times higher odds of having good menstrual hygiene management than their counterparts [pooled OR = 1.64, 95% CI: 1.16–2.34, I2:66.7%, n = 7 (number of studies)]. Similarly, the likelihood of having good menstrual hygiene management was lower by 49% among adolescent girls who did not receive any pocket money from their parents compared to their counterparts (pooled OR = 0.51, 95% CI: 0.35–0.74, I2:48.4%, n = 2). Conclusions: The findings revealed that adolescent girls who earned pocket money were more likely to practice good menstrual hygiene management. Progress toward better menstrual hygiene will necessitate consideration of this factor