Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern of Staphylococcus aureus

Staphylococcus aureus particularly methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains is one of the major causes of community and hospital-acquired bacterial infections. They are also becoming increasingly multidrug resistant and recently developed resistance to vancomycin, which has been used successfully to treat MRSA for many years. In vitro determination of drug resistance patterns of S. aureus is critical for the selection of effective drugs for the treatment of staphylococci infections. The main aim of this review was to determine the prevalence of drug-resistant S. aureus strains from different clinical specimens throughout the world. Various types of research study designs such as cross-sectional and retrospective and laboratory techniques like Kirby Bauer, agar dilution, and E tests were used. The result of each study was narrated accordingly

Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori and risk factors among dyspepsia and non-dyspepsia adults at Assosa General Hospital, West Ethiopia: A comparative study

Background: Helicobacter pylori are curved gram-negative bacteria which causes gastritis and peptic ulcer disease (PUD). It is also an important risk factor for the development of gastric cancer and mucosal associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma.Objective: The main aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection and related risk factors among symptomatic and asymptomatic adults.Methods: A comparative cross-sectional study was conducted among dyspepsia and non-dyspepsia adults from March 2015 to October 2015 at Assosa General Hospital in Ethiopia. The presence of stool antigen of H. pylori was determined against anti-Helicobacter pylori antibody conjugated with colloid gold nitrocellulose membrane strip and a structured face-to-face interview was also administered to assess risk factors for H. pylori infection. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 20. Logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios at 95% CI to the different risk factors.Results: Of a total of 230(115 dyspeptic and 115 non-dyspeptic) study participants, overall 112(48.7%) antigens of H. pylori were detected. The prevalence of H. pylori was significantly associated with which gender in both dyspepsia [AOR=2.33, 95% CI: 1.13-5.86), p=0.023] and non-dyspepsia adults [AOR=1.07, 95% CI: 1.01- 3.83, p=0.035]. Further, the prevalence of H. pylori infection was significantly higher in dyspepsia patients 67/115 (58.3%) than non-dyspepsia 45/115 (39.1%) individuals [AOR=2.4, 95% CI: 1.2-13.7, p=0.002]. There was no significant association among age groups (p>0.05). Similarly, no significant association was observed in the prevalence of H. pylori with family size, educational status, marital status, toilet use habit, blood groups and occupation (p>0.05). A statistically significant association was observed between H. pylori infection and residence (p<0.05). Alcohol drinking, coffee consumption, cigarette smoking and khat chewing had no significant association with H. pylori infection (p>0.05).Conclusion: The prevalence of H. pylori infection was high among symptomatic patients than non-symptomatic adults at Assosa General Hospital. H. pylori infection was significantly associated with which gender, residence area and hand washing habit after latrine. The burden of H. pylori that we reported necessitates the need to design and apply intervention measures that could decrease transmission and thus minimize the clinical consequences of infection. Key words: Dyspepsia, Non-dyspepsia, Helicobacter pylori, Prevalence, Stool Antigen Tes

Phenotypic Bacterial Isolates, Antimicrobial Susceptibility pattern and Associated factors among Septicemia Suspected Patients at a hospital, in Northwest Ethiopia: Prospective cross-sectional study

Abstract Background Septicemia is potentially fatal infection caused by pathogenic bacteria infiltrating the bloodstream, resulting in morbidity and mortality among Ethiopian hospital patients. Multidrug resistance is a therapeutic challenge in this patient population. There is an insufficiency data among hospitals in Ethiopia. Hence, this study aimed to assess the phenotypic bacterial isolates, antimicrobial susceptibility pattern, and associated factors among septicemia suspected patients. Methods Prospective cross-sectional study was conducted among 214 septicemia suspected patients from February to June 2021 at Debre Markos Comprehensive Specialized hospital in northwest, Ethiopia. Blood samples were collected aseptically and processed to identify bacterial isolates by using different standard microbiological procedures. Antimicrobial susceptibility pattern was performed using the modified Kirby Bauer disc diffusion on Mueller Hinton agar. Epi-data V4.2 was used to enter data and SPSS V25 for analysis. The variables were assessed using a bivariate logistic regression model with a 95% confidence interval, and declared statistically significant; P-value was < 0.05. Results The overall bacterial isolates was found 45/214 (21%) in this study. Gram-negative and positive bacteria were 25/45(55.6%), 20/45(44.4%) respectively. The most common bacterial isolates were Staphylococcus aureus12/45 (26.7%), Klebsiella pneumoniae 8/45(17.8%), Escherichia coli 6/45 (13.3%). Gram-negative bacteria showed susceptibility to amikacin (88%), meropenem, imipenem (76%) but, (92%) resistance to ampicillin, (85.7%) amoxicillin-clavulanic acid. S.aureus (91.7%) was resistance to Penicillin, (58.3%) cefoxitin and (75%) susceptible to ciprofloxacillin. S.pyogenes and S.agalactia were (100%) susceptible to Vancomacin. Multidrug resistance was found in 27/45(60%) of the bacterial isolates. The main predictors related to patients suspected of septicemia were prolonged hospitalization (AOR = 2.29, 95% CI: 1.18, 7.22), fever (AOR = 0.39, 95%CI: 0.18, 0.85) and length of hospital stay (AOR = 0.13, 95%CI: 0.02, 0.82). Conclusions Incidence of bacterial isolates among septicemia suspected patients were high. The majority of the bacterial isolates were multidrug-resistant. To prevent antimicrobial resistance, specific antibiotic utilization strategy should be applied