Stronger Partnerships for Safer Food: An Agenda for Strengthening State and Local Roles in the Nation's Food Safety System

Examines federal, state, and local agencies' responsibilities, strengths, and weaknesses in ensuring food safety. Recommends systemwide reforms to enhance state and local roles and improve surveillance, outbreak response, and regulation and inspection

Cost-Effectiveness Evaluation of Etoricoxib versus Celecoxib and Nonselective NSAIDs in the Treatment of Ankylosing Spondylitis in Norway

Objectives. To evaluate the cost-effectiveness of etoricoxib (90 mg) relative to celecoxib (200/400 mg), and the nonselective NSAIDs naproxen (1000 mg) and diclofenac (150 mg) in the initial treatment of ankylosing spondylitis in Norway. Methods. A previously developed Markov state-transition model was used to estimate costs and benefits associated with initiating treatment with the different competing NSAIDs. Efficacy, gastrointestinal and cardiovascular safety, and resource use data were obtained from the literature. Data from different studies were synthesized and translated into direct costs and quality adjusted life years by means of a Bayesian comprehensive decision modeling approach. Results. Over a 30-year time horizon, etoricoxib is associated with about 0.4 more quality adjusted life years than the other interventions. At 1 year, naproxen is the most cost-saving strategy. However, etoricoxib is cost and quality adjusted life year saving relative to celecoxib, as well as diclofenac and naproxen after 5 years of follow-up. For a willingness-to-pay ceiling ratio of 200,000 Norwegian krones per quality adjusted life year, there is a >95% probability that etoricoxib is the most-cost-effective treatment when a time horizon of 5 or more years is considered. Conclusions. Etoricoxib is the most cost-effective NSAID for initiating treatment of ankylosing spondylitis in Norway

Outcomes Associated with Using the Identification of Seniors at Risk (ISAR) Score to Determine Geriatric Evaluations of Trauma Patients with Hip Fractures

Background: Falls are a leading cause of injury in older adults in the U.S., commonly contributing to hip fractures specifically (Centers for Disease Control, 2016; Moreland, Kakara, & Henry, 2020). Many older adults who sustain a hip fracture will not return to their baseline function and may even require nursing home placement for additional care (Rubenstein & Josephson, 2006). Henry Ford Macomb Hospital (HFMH) is a community teaching hospital with Level II Adult Trauma designation. In 2013, the Trauma Quality Improvement Program (TQIP) stressed the need for specialized geriatric care (American College of Surgeons, 2013, p.5). Falls with hip fracture accounted for 15% of Trauma admissions in 2014-2016 and 21% in 2017-2019 at HFMH. In 2016, the Identification of Seniors at Risk (ISAR) screening tool was utilized for Trauma patients 60 years and older to help capture their need for a Geriatric evaluation. It is completed by a Trauma Resident upon evaluation of the patient in the Emergency Department. A Geriatric evaluation is recommended if the patient answered “yes” to two or more questions on the screening tool. If a patient is discharged prior to being seen for the evaluation, follow up information is encouraged to be provided for the Geriatric outpatient clinic. Aim: To evaluate outcomes of older adults who sustained a hip fracture after falling as related to the implementation LIMITATIONS of the ISAR tool to determine Geriatric evaluations and assess outcomes related to individual ISAR scores (0- 6). Methodology: Retrospective program evaluation conducted via chart review. July 1, 2014-June 30, 2016, and January 1, 2017, to December 31, 2019. Data Analysis: Variables were described using standard summary measures such as means and standard deviation for continuous variables and counts/percentage for nominal data. Continuous variables that did not follow a normal distribution were described via medians and interquartile ranges. The two groups were compared with Student’s t- Tests and Chi-squared tests dependent on variables. To evaluate variables related to each ISAR score, Kruskal- Wallis analysis was used. The p-value was adjusted as needed to conclude significance using Hochberg’s adjustment. Results: A total of 1,142 charts were reviewed. Thirty-six were excluded for admission to non-trauma service, and an additional forty-six charts were excluded for patients with multiple admissions. Of the qualifying patients, 380 were included in our pre-Geriatric evaluation implementation and 680 in post. In the post period, 48/680= 7% patients did not have an ISAR completed. Many of the patients admitted to the Trauma Service with hip fractures sustained an intertrochanteric fracture, followed by proximal femur fracture and then femur shaft fracture. Majority of Trauma patients sustaining a hip fracture were white, non-Hispanic, English-speaking, Caucasian females. Outcomes Compared By ISAR Score: There is a significant difference in age between each ISAR score (p=0.001), with generally higher ISAR scores as age increases. The ISS does not correlate with increasing ISAR score (p=0.102). Length of stay increases with ISAR scores (p=0.012). The longest duration of ICU stays occurred in patient with an ISAR score of three. In-hospital mortality did not increase with increasing ISAR score (p=0.664). In-hospital mortality was highest in ISAR scores of five. Readmissions were highest in those with an ISAR score of five, and an ISAR score of one had the lowest rate of readmission. Hospice was consulted more frequently as the ISAR score increases (p=0.034), with the highest prevalence of consults noted in patients with ISARs of six. Majority of patients were discharged to SNF regardless of ISAR score (p=0.092). Outcomes Compared Before and After Geriatric Evaluation: Of the 680 patients in the post-group, 434 patients received a Geriatric Evaluation. Age and ISS was significantly higher in the Geriatric evaluation population. No significant difference was found between total LOS, though did decrease by four hours (p=0.075). In the pre-group, more patients were admitted to the ICU (5.78%) than the post-group (4.14%); however, the pre-group had a shorter ICU length of stay (5.73 vs 5.89, P = 0.847). Thirty-day readmissions trended higher in the post-group with a Geriatric evaluation (p=0.106). In-hospital mortality was lower in the post-group with a Geriatric evaluation (p=0.243). Hospice consults and discharges to Hospice were higher in the post-group with a Geriatric evaluation (p=0.083). Majority of patients were discharged to a Skilled Nursing Facility (SNF) for both the pre- and post-group, followed by home with services, or home with self-care. Discharge to inpatient rehabilitation unit (IPR) decreased in the post-group with a Geriatric evaluation. Discussion: To the existing body of literature, this current study adds outcomes broken down by each individual ISAR score for patients with hip fractures and the associated outcomes using the ISAR score to guide the need for Geriatric evaluations. The ISS does not correlate with increasing ISAR score (p=0.102). It could be suggested that the individual questions that make up the ISAR score do not address the severity and/or mechanism of injury. The longest ICU LOS occurred in patients with an ISAR score of three; however, the ISAR screening tool was not originally developed to predict ICU stays. There is limited literature to support this finding and more research could be done in this area. With 30-day readmissions being the highest in those with an ISAR scores of four and five, quality and care coordination efforts could be directed towards Geriatric Trauma patients with these scores. Patients with a Geriatric evaluation, who were older and scored a higher ISS, had a shorter LOS by approximately four hours, this is vital because it can be associated with decreased costs and increased patient satisfaction. Admissions to Inpatient Rehab (IPR) decreased in the post-group, further investigation could assist with determining causal factors, though IPR admissions are typically low due to requiring a physical and medical need for admission. In-hospital mortality decreased in the post group, even with increased age and ISS. There are inconsistencies among current studies regarding the mortality of Trauma patients after undergoing a Geriatric evaluation, therefore AIM more research is needed to fully understand the impact. Limitations: More rigorous research design would be beneficial to fully understand the studied outcomes. The six-month period during which the Geriatric evaluation service was in the early stages of development and planning the use of the ISAR score was not included in the study time frame. The ISAR score can be challenging to obtain due to altered mental status or lack of family/surrogate presence to obtain accurate information at the time of screening. This study also did not verify the accuracy of the scores obtained by the Trauma Resident. This could impact the outcomes associated with each ISAR score in addition to the outcomes related to patients that received Geriatric evaluations. Compliance of the Trauma Service in following the recommendations as well as patients and family’s adherence to the plan of care may impact outcomes. In addition, this study did not address what specifically is included in a Geriatric evaluation. It also may have been helpful to know which individual ISAR questions are most often answered “yes” to validate if the specific concerns were addressed during the evaluation.https://scholarlycommons.henryford.com/nursresconf2021/1007/thumbnail.jp

Assessment of DNA extracted from FTA® cards for use on the Illumina iSelect BeadChip

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>As FTA^®cards provide an ideal medium for the field collection of DNA we sought to assess the quality of genomic DNA extracted from this source for use on the Illumina BovineSNP50 iSelect BeadChip which requires unbound, relatively intact (fragment sizes ≥ 2 kb), and high-quality DNA. Bovine blood and nasal swab samples collected on FTA cards were extracted using the commercially available GenSolve kit with a minor modification. The call rate and concordance of genotypes from each sample were compared to those obtained from whole blood samples extracted by standard PCI extraction.</p> <p>Findings</p> <p>An ANOVA analysis indicated no significant difference (P > 0.72) in BovineSNP50 genotype call rate between DNA extracted from FTA cards by the GenSolve kit or extracted from whole blood by PCI. Two sample t-tests demonstrated that the DNA extracted from the FTA cards produced genotype call and concordance rates that were not different to those produced by assaying DNA samples extracted by PCI from whole blood.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>We conclude that DNA extracted from FTA cards by the GenSolve kit is of sufficiently high quality to produce results comparable to those obtained from DNA extracted from whole blood when assayed by the Illumina iSelect technology. Additionally, we validate the use of nasal swabs as an alternative to venous blood or buccal samples from animal subjects for reliably producing high quality genotypes on this platform.</p

Definition of Nonresponse to Analgesic Treatment of Arthritic Pain: An Analytical Literature Review of the Smallest Detectable Difference, the Minimal Detectable Change, and the Minimal Clinically Important Difference on the Pain Visual Analog Scale

Our objective was to develop a working definition of nonresponse to analgesic treatment of arthritis, focusing on the measurement of pain on the 0–100 mm pain visual analog scale (VAS). We reviewed the literature to assess the smallest detectable difference (SDD), the minimal detectable change (MDC), and the minimal clinically important difference (MCID). The SDD for improvement reported in three studies of rheumatoid arthritis was 18.6, 19.0, and 20.0. The median MDC was 25.4 for 7 studies of osteoarthritis and 5 studies of rheumatoid arthritis (calculated for a reliability coefficient of 0.85). The MCID increased with increasing baseline pain score. For baseline VAS tertiles defined by scores of 30–49, 50–65, and >65, the MCID for improvement was, respectively, 7–11 units, 19–27 units, and 29–37 units. Nonresponse can thus be defined in terms of the MDC for low baseline pain scores and in terms of the MCID for high baseline scores

Evaluation of approaches for identifying population informative markers from high density SNP Chips

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Genetic markers can be used to identify and verify the origin of individuals. Motivation for the inference of ancestry ranges from conservation genetics to forensic analysis. High density assays featuring Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) markers can be exploited to create a reduced panel containing the most informative markers for these purposes. The objectives of this study were to evaluate methods of marker selection and determine the minimum number of markers from the BovineSNP50 BeadChip required to verify the origin of individuals in European cattle breeds. Delta, Wright's F_ST, Weir & Cockerham's F_STand PCA methods for population differentiation were compared. The level of informativeness of each SNP was estimated from the breed specific allele frequencies. Individual assignment analysis was performed using the ranked informative markers. Stringency levels were applied by log-likelihood ratio to assess the confidence of the assignment test.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>A 95% assignment success rate for the 384 individually genotyped animals was achieved with < 80, < 100, < 140 and < 200 SNP markers (with increasing stringency threshold levels) across all the examined methods for marker selection. No further gain in power of assignment was achieved by sampling in excess of 200 SNP markers. The marker selection method that required the lowest number of SNP markers to verify the animal's breed origin was Wright's F_ST(60 to 140 SNPs depending on the chosen degree of confidence). Certain breeds required fewer markers (< 100) to achieve 100% assignment success. In contrast, closely related breeds require more markers (~200) to achieve > 95% assignment success. The power of assignment success, and therefore the number of SNP markers required, is dependent on the levels of genetic heterogeneity and pool of samples considered.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>While all SNP selection methods produced marker panels capable of breed identification, the power of assignment varied markedly among analysis methods. Thus, with effective exploration of available high density genetic markers, a diagnostic panel of highly informative markers can be produced.</p