The Origin of Solar Activity in the Tachocline

Solar active regions, produced by the emergence of tubes of strong magnetic field in the photosphere, are restricted to within 35 degrees of the solar equator. The nature of the dynamo processes that create and renew these fields, and are therefore responsible for solar magnetic phenomena, are not well understood. We analyze the magneto-rotational stability of the solar tachocline for general field geometry. This thin region of strong radial and latitudinal differential rotation, between the radiative and convective zones, is unstable at latitudes above 37 degrees, yet is stable closer to the equator. We propose that small-scale magneto-rotational turbulence prevents coherent magnetic dynamo action in the tachocline except in the vicinity of the equator, thus explaining the latitudinal restriction of active regions. Tying the magnetic dynamo to the tachocline elucidates the physical conditions and processes relevant to solar magnetism.Comment: 10 pages, 1 figure, accepted for publication in ApJ

Septage treatment in Indonesia: lessons from field investigations in seven cities

More than 80% of urban households in Indonesia have access to sanitation, mostly provided by on-site facilities. This creates a need for septage management systems, including treatment. The Government of Indonesia has provided septage treatment plants in over 100 cities but few of these operate as intended and many no longer function. The paper describes assessments undertaken to establish the reasons for poor performance and to identify appropriate responses. The focus is on design but the paper also identifies concerns about the lack of relevant information and the need to tackle design and management challenges in an integrated way

Assessing on-site systems and sludge accumulation rates to understand pit emptying in Indonesia

Despite 85% urban residents in Indonesia using on-site sanitation, demand for pit emptying is low and there is a lack of empirical data on local conditions. The type of system, sludge accumulation rate and pit emptying frequency was analysed from 190 household surveys, measured content of 107 pits and government interviews in six Indonesian cities. The sludge accumulations rates were on the low end of existing literature, with an average rate of 25l/p.y. 83% of the sample were single pits with an unsealed base receiving only blackwater and 22% had an overflow to a waterway or drain. The majority of systems had never been emptied. First emptying at 45% sludge depth occurred after an average 16 years, however subsequent emptying occurred more frequently at 2-4 year intervals. Planning on the basis of actual sludge accumulation rates could lead to more viable pit emptying business models and appropriately sized treatment plants

Outcomes and safety of concomitant nevirapine and rifampicin treatment under programme conditions in Malawi.

SETTING: Thyolo District Hospital, rural Malawi. OBJECTIVES: To report on 1) clinical, immunological and virological outcomes and 2) safety among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infected patients with tuberculosis (TB) who received concurrent nevirapine (NVP) and rifampicin (RMP) based treatment. DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study. METHODS: Analysis of programme data, June-December 2007. RESULTS: Of a total of 156 HIV-infected TB patients who started NVP-based antiretroviral treatment, 136 (87%) completed TB treatment successfully, 16 (10%) died and 5 (4%) were transferred out. Mean body weight and CD4 gain (adults) were respectively 4.4 kg (95%CI 3.3-5.4) and 140 cells/mm(3) (95%CI 117-162). Seventy-four per cent of patients who completed TB treatment and had a viral load performed (n = 74) had undetectable levels (<50 copies/ml), while 17 (22%) had a viral load of 50-1000 copies/ml. Hepatotoxicity was present in 2 (1.3%) patients at baseline. Two patients developed Grade 2 and one developed Grade 3 alanine transaminase enzyme elevations during TB treatment (incidence rate per 10 years of follow-up 4.2, 95%CI 1.4-13.1). There were no reported deaths linked to hepatotoxicity. CONCLUSIONS: In a rural district in Malawi, concomitant NVP and RMP treatment is associated with good TB treatment outcomes and appears safe. Further follow-up of patients would be useful to ascertain the longer-term effects of this concurrent treatment

Relativistic stars with purely toroidal magnetic fields

We investigate the effects of the purely toroidal magnetic field on the equilibrium structures of the relativistic stars. The master equations for obtaining equilibrium solutions of relativistic rotating stars containing purely toroidal magnetic fields are derived for the first time. To solve these master equations numerically, we extend the Cook-Shapiro-Teukolsky scheme for calculating relativistic rotating stars containing no magnetic field to incorporate the effects of the purely toroidal magnetic fields. By using the numerical scheme, we then calculate a large number of the equilibrium configurations for a particular distribution of the magnetic field in order to explore the equilibrium properties. We also construct the equilibrium sequences of the constant baryon mass and/or the constant magnetic flux, which model the evolution of an isolated neutron star as it loses angular momentum via the gravitational waves. Important properties of the equilibrium configurations of the magnetized stars obtained in this study are summarized as follows ; (1) For the non-rotating stars, the matter distribution of the stars is prolately distorted due to the toroidal magnetic fields. (2) For the rapidly rotating stars, the shape of the stellar surface becomes oblate because of the centrifugal force. But, the matter distribution deep inside the star is sufficiently prolate for the mean matter distribution of the star to be prolate. (3) The stronger toroidal magnetic fields lead to the mass-shedding of the stars at the lower angular velocity. (4) For some equilibrium sequences of the constant baryon mass and magnetic flux, the stars can spin up as they lose angular momentum.Comment: 13 figures, 7 tables, submitted to PR

Sexual violence in post-conflict Liberia: survivors and their care.

Using routine data from three clinics offering care to survivors of sexual violence (SV) in Monrovia, Liberia, we describe the characteristics of SV survivors and the pattern of SV and discuss how the current approach could be better adapted to meet survivors' needs. There were 1500 survivors seeking SV care between January 2008 and December 2009. Most survivors were women (98%) and median age was 13 years (Interquartile range: 9-17 years). Sexual aggression occurred during day-to-day activities in 822 (55%) cases and in the survivor's home in 552 (37%) cases. The perpetrator was a known civilian in 1037 (69%) SV events. Only 619 (41%) survivors sought care within 72 h. The current approach could be improved by: effectively addressing the psychosocial needs of child survivors, reaching male survivors, targeting the perpetrators in awareness and advocacy campaigns and reducing delays in seeking care

Nonaxisymmetric Magnetorotational Instability in Proto-Neutron Stars

We investigate the stability of differentially rotating proto-neutron stars (PNSs) with a toroidal magnetic field. Stability criteria for nonaxisymmetric MHD instabilities are derived using a local linear analysis. PNSs are expected to have much stronger radial shear in the rotation velocity compared to normal stars. We find that nonaxisymmetric magnetorotational instability (NMRI) with a large azimuthal wavenumber $m$ is dominant over the kink mode ($m=1$) in differentially rotating PNSs. The growth rate of the NMRI is of the order of the angular velocity $\Omega$ which is faster than that of the kink-type instability by several orders of magnitude. The stability criteria are analogous to those of the axisymmetric magnetorotational instability with a poloidal field, although the effects of leptonic gradients are considered in our analysis. The NMRI can grow even in convectively stable layers if the wavevectors of unstable modes are parallel to the restoring force by the Brunt-V\"ais\"al\"a oscillation. The nonlinear evolution of NMRI could amplify the magnetic fields and drive MHD turbulence in PNSs, which may lead to enhancement of the neutrino luminosity.Comment: 24pages, 7figures, Accepted for publication in the Astrophysical Journal (December 12, 2005

On a mechanism for enhancing magnetic activity in tidally interacting binaries

We suggest a mechanism for enhancing magnetic activity in tidally interacting binaries. We suppose that the deviation of the primary star from spherical symmetry due to the tidal influence of the companion leads to stellar pulsation in its fundamental mode. It is shown that stellar radial pulsation amplifies torsional Alfv{\'e}n waves in a dipole-like magnetic field, buried in the interior, according to the recently proposed swing wave-wave interaction (Zaqarashvili 2001). Then amplified Alfv{\'e}n waves lead to the onset of large-scale torsional oscillations, and magnetic flux tubes arising towards the surface owing to magnetic buoyancy diffuse into the atmosphere producing enhanced chromospheric and coronal emission.Comment: Accepted in Ap

A comparison of incompressible limits for resistive plasmas

The constraint of incompressibility is often used to simplify the magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) description of linearized plasma dynamics because it does not affect the ideal MHD marginal stability point. In this paper two methods for introducing incompressibility are compared in a cylindrical plasma model: In the first method, the limit $\gamma \to \infty$ is taken, where $\gamma$ is the ratio of specific heats; in the second, an anisotropic mass tensor $\mathbf{\rho}$ is used, with the component parallel to the magnetic field taken to vanish, $\rho_{\parallel} \to 0$. Use of resistive MHD reveals the nature of these two limits because the Alfv\'en and slow magnetosonic continua of ideal MHD are converted to point spectra and moved into the complex plane. Both limits profoundly change the slow-magnetosonic spectrum, but only the second limit faithfully reproduces the resistive Alfv\'en spectrum and its wavemodes. In ideal MHD, the slow magnetosonic continuum degenerates to the Alfv\'en continuum in the first method, while it is moved to infinity by the second. The degeneracy in the first is broken by finite resistivity. For numerical and semi-analytical study of these models, we choose plasma equilibria which cast light on puzzling aspects of results found in earlier literature.Comment: 14 pages, 10 figure