Development of Prognosis Factors in a Scoring System for Predicting of Breast Cancer Mortality

Today, the prediction system and survival rate became an important request. A previous paper constructed a scoring system to predict breast cancer mortality at 5 to 10 years by using age, personal history of breast cancer, grade, TNM stage and multicentricity as prognostic factors in Spain population. This paper highlights the improvement of survival prediction by using fuzzy logic, through upgrading the scoring system to make it more accurate and efficient in cases of unknown factors, age groups, and in the way of how to calculate the final score. By using Matlab as a simulator, the result shows a wide variation in the possibility of values for calculating the risk percentage instead of only 16. Additionally, the accuracy will be calculated with risk mortality at 5 and 10 years depending on the number of unknown factors. The new system presented in a graphical user interface to facilitate the friendliness at the user side. Keywords: Risk calculation, scoring system, fuzzy set, breast cancer, prognostic factor, risk predictio

Gate Control System for New Iraqi License Plate

This paper presents an approach to license plate localization and recognition. A proposed method is designed to control the opening of door gate based on the recognition of the license plates number in Iraq. In general the system consists of four stages; Image capturing, License plate cropping, character segmentation and character recognition. In the first stage, the vehicle photo is taken fromstandard camera placed on the door gate with a specific distance from the front of vehicle to be processed by our system. Then, the detection method searches for the matching of the license plate in the image with a standard plate. The segmentation stage is performed by is using edge detection. Then character recognition, done by comparing with template standard numbers and letters used in the Iraqi plate. The system was implemented using Matlab (R2012a) and shows accurate performance results reached 93.33%

Comparison of Clinico-Pathological Presentations of Triple-Negative versus Triple-Positive and HER2 Iraqi Breast Cancer Patients

BACKGROUND: Breast cancer remains the most common malignancy among the Iraqi population. Affected patients exhibit different clinical behaviours according to the molecular subtypes of the tumour. AIM: To identify the clinical and pathological presentations of the Iraqi breast cancer subtypes identified by Estrogen receptors (ER), Progesterone receptors (PR) and HER2 expressions. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The present study comprised 486 Iraqi female patients diagnosed with breast cancer. ER, PR and HER2 contents of the primary tumours were assessed through immunohistochemical staining; classifying the patients into five different groups: Triple Negative (ER/PR negative/HER2 negative), Triple Positive (ER/PR positive/HER2 positive), Luminal A (ER/PR positive/HER2 negative), HER2 enriched ((ER/PR negative/HER2 positive) and all other subtypes. RESULTS: The major registered subtype was the Luminal A which was encountered in 230 patients (47.3%), followed by the Triple Negative (14.6%), Triple Positive (13.6%) and HER2 Enriched (11.5%). Patients exhibiting the Triple Negative subtype were significantly younger than the rest of the groups and presented with larger size tumours. A significant difference in the distribution of the breast cancer stages was displayed (p < 0.05); the most advanced were noted among those with HER2 enriched tumours who exhibited the highest frequency of poorly differentiated carcinomas and lymph node involvement. CONCLUSION: The most significant variations in the clinicopathological presentations were observed in the age and clinical stage of the patients at diagnosis. Adoption of breast cancer molecular subtype classification in countries with limited resources could serve as a valuable prognostic marker in the management of aggressive forms of the disease

Breast Cancer Subtypes among Iraqi Patients: Identified By Their ER, PR and HER2 Status

Background: Breast cancer ranks the first among the Iraqi population since three decades and is currently forming a major public health problem being the second cause of death women. Novel management of breast cancer depends upon precise evaluation of their molecular subtypes; identified by Hormone (Estrogen and Progesterone) receptors and HER2 contents of the primary tumor. Objective: To assess the rates of the different molecular breast cancer subtypes in the examined tissue specimens belonging to females diagnosed with breast cancer in Iraq; correlating the findings with those reported in the literature at the regional and global levels. Patients and Methods: This retrospective study documented the findings of tissue biopsy examination belonging to 686 female patients diagnosed with breast cancer. Formalin fixed paraffin-embedded blocks were utilized to assess the availability of Estrogen receptors (ER), Progesterone receptors (PR) and HER2 expressions through semi quantitative immuno-histochemical staining technique. Breast carcinomas were classified into four main molecular subtypes: Luminal A: ER/PR(+) / HER2(-), Luminal B/Triple Positive: ER/PR(+) / HER2(+), Non-Luminal HER-2 enriched: ER/PR(-) / HER2(+) and Non-Luminal/Triple Negative: ER/PR(-) and HER2(-). Other phenotypes included: ER(+)/PR(-) / HER2(+), ER(-)/PR(+) / HER2 (+), ER (+)/PR (-) / HER2 (-) and ER (-)/PR (+) / HER2 (-). Results: Out of the exanimated cases of breast carcinomas, the registered rates of positive ER, PR and HER2 tumor contents in this study were 67.8%, 65.3% and 29.4% respectively. The main identified phenotype was the Luminal A in 309 cases (45%). That was followed by the Triple Negative in 107 cases (15.6%) and Triple Positive/Luminal B (96 cases, 14%), while 71 cases (10.3%) were HER2 enriched. The corresponding rates of the (E+/P-/H+), (E-/P+/H+), (E+/P-/H-) and (E-/P+/H-) subtypes were 3.1%, 2.0%., 5.7% and 4.2% respectively. Differences in in the expressions of these IHC molecular markers are illustrated among different countries. Conclusions: Due to the displayed variations in the socio-demographic characteristics and biological risk factors among patients in different populations, it is mandatory to identify the molecular marker subtypes of breast cancer expressions in order to assess the impact of management and response to therapy. The routine documentation of their patterns in the cancer registry reports and published research ensures the validity and reliability of the presented clinical data. الخلفية: سرطان الثدي يحتل المرتبة الأولى بين السكان العراقيين منذ ثلاثة عقود، ويشكل حاليا مشكلة صحية رئيسية حيث يعتبر السبب الثاني للوفاة عند النساء. تعتمد أسس العلاج الجديدة لسرطان الثدي على التقييم الدقيق لأنواعها الفرعية الجزيئية و التي تحددها مستويات مستقبلات هرمون (الاستروجين والبروجسترون) ومحتويات  HER2 في الورم الرئيسي. الهدف من الدراسة: تقييم معدلات مختلف الأنواع الفرعية لسرطان الثدي الجزيئي في عينات الأنسجة التي تم فحصها والتي تخص الإناث المصابات بسرطان الثدي في العراق؛ وربط النتائج مع تلك المسجلة على الصعيدين الإقليمي والعالمي المرضى والطرق: وثقت هذه الدراسة بأثر رجعي نتائج فحص خزعة الأنسجة التي تنتمي إلى 686 مريضة مشخصة بسرطان الثدي. واستخدمت لتقييم توافر مستقبلات الاستروجين (ER)، مستقبلات البروجسترون (PR) والتعبيرات HER2 من خلال تقنية الطيخ المناعي شبه الكمي. تم تصنيف سرطان الثدي إلى أربعة أنواع فرعية جزيئية رئيسية: Luminal A:  ER/PR(+) / HER2(-), Luminal B/Triple Positive:    ER/PR(+) / HER2(+), Non-Luminal HER-2 enriched: ER/PR(-) / HER2(+) and Non-Luminal/Triple Negative:   ER/PR(-) and HER2(-). و انواع اخرى ER(+)/PR(-) / HER2(+), ER(-)/PR(+) / HER2 (+), ER (+)/PR (-)  / HER2 (-) and ER (-)/PR (+) / HER2 (-). النتائج: من بين حالات سرطان الثدي المهددة، كانت المعدلات المسجلة لمحتوى الأورام الموجبة ER, PR و   HER2 في هذه الدراسة 67.8٪ و 65.3٪ و 29.4٪ على التوالي. وكان النمط الظاهري المحدد الرئيسي اللمعية A في 309 حالات (45٪). وأعقب ذلك السلبي الثلاثي في 107 حالات (15.6٪) وثلاثية إيجابية / لومينال B (96 حالة، 14٪)، في حين أن 71 حالة (10.3٪) كانت HER2 المخصب. وكانت المعدلات المقابلة من (E + / P- / H +)، (E / P + / H +)، (E + / P- / H-) و (E / P + / H-) فرعية 3.1٪، 2.0٪. ،   و 5.7٪ و 4.2٪ على التوالي. وتظهر الاختلافات في التعبير عن هذه العلامات الجزيئية بين مختلف البلدان. الاستنتاجات والتوصيات: نظرا للاختلافات المعروضة في الخصائص الاجتماعية الديموغرافية وعوامل الخطر البيولوجية بين المرضى في مختلف السكان، فمن الضروري تحديد الأنواع الفرعية الجزيئية من تعبيرات سرطان الثدي من أجل تقييم تأثير الاستجابة للعلاج . ان التوثيق الروتيني لأنماط سرطان الثدي في تقارير سجل السرطان والبحوث المنشورة يضمن صحة ودقة البيانات السريرية ذات العلاقة