No-shirking Conditions in Frictional Labor Markets

A matching model, combined with a shirking model of efficiency wages, is examined. It depends on sources of unemployment variation whether the no-shirking condition (NSC) tends to be binding as the unemployment rate is lower. When only productivity varies, the NSC tends to be binding as the unemployment rate is higher, as in Rocheteau (2001). However, when only matching efficiency varies, the NSC tends to be binding as the unemployment rate is lower.

Can disaggregated indicators identify governance reform priorities ?

Many highly-disaggregated cross-country indicators of institutional quality and the business environment have been developed in recent years. The promise of these indicators is that they can be used to identify specific reform priorities that policymakers and aid donors can target in their efforts to improve institutional and regulatory quality outcomes. Doing so however requires evidence on the partial effects of these many very detailed variables on outcomes of interest, for example, investor perceptions of corruption or the quality of the regulatory environment. In this paper we use Bayesian Model Averaging (BMA) to systematically document the partial correlations between disaggregated indicators and several closely-related outcome variables of interest using two leading datasets: the Global Integrity Index and the Doing Business indicators. We find major instability across outcomes and across levels of disaggregation in the set of indicators identified by BMA as important determinants of outcomes. Disaggregated indicators that are important determinants of one outcome are on average not important determinants of other very similar outcomes. And for a given outcome variable, indicators that are important at one level of disaggregation are on average not important at other levels of disaggregation. These findings illustrate the difficulties in using highly-disaggregated indicators to identify reform priorities.Statistical&Mathematical Sciences,Environmental Economics&Policies,Economic Theory&Research,Governance Indicators,Econometrics

Fine structure of negatively stained adenovirus type 12

Adenovirus type 12 is of human origin and it shows carcinogenic activity in experimental animals. With negatively stained particles of this virus electron microscopic observations were carried out. As the result it was demonstrated that its capsid, like other adenoviruses, is an icosahedron and each capsomere is of a hexagonal shape with a hollow in its center, each of which is surrounded by 6 adjacent capsomeres and is composed of numerous small subunit-like-particles.</p

Fine structure in the cell wall of an unidentified bacterium from the human mouth

The author examined with electron microscope the rod-shaped bacteria obtained from the human mouth, which were peritrichous and Gram stain positive. Observations revaled the granules of 15 m&#956;-25 m&#956; in size being arranged neatly and hexagonally in the cell wall. Moreover, these granules were found to detach themselves quite readily by a slight physical process, disclosing the underlying layer. These seemed to show most probably a portion of the fine structure in the cell wall of an unidentified bacterium from the human mouth.</p

Oncostatin M Promotes Breast Cancer Metastasis: Increased Expression of Pro-Angiogenic Factors, Inflammatory Cytokine Expression, and Circulating Tumor Cell Numbers

Breast cancer is the most diagnosed cancer type in women and its resultant mortality is second only to lung cancer worldwide. While breast cancer is known to have many risk factors, inflammation remains an unquantifiable risk, and it can arise from obesity, depression, poor health, autoimmune diseases, and other conditions that cause systemic chronic inflammation. Chronic inflammation is gaining recognition for its role in cancer development, the potentiation of a metastatic phenotype in cancer cells, and decreased survival in breast cancer patients. In particular, inflammatory cytokines in the interleukin-6 (IL-6) family have been shown to promote an epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), tumor cell detachment, invasion, and metastasis. However, therapies to inhibit IL-6 have not been successful in treating solid tumors. This is most likely due to redundancy, as there are other inflammatory cytokines such as oncostatin M (OSM) and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) that demonstrate overlapping effects in cancer progression. In these studies, the interactions between OSM, IL-6 and IL-1β were addressed. First, OSM and IL-6 were shown to induce vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in a breast cancer subtype-specific manner. Next, OSM was assessed for its capacity to increase circulating tumor cell numbers in mouse models of human breast cancer. Lastly, OSM, IL-6, and IL-1β expression levels were shown to correlate with each other in breast cancer, and high co-expression of these cytokines was shown to lead to decreased patient survival. Furthermore, OSM was assessed for its synergistic relationship with IL-1β in inducing IL-6 secretion from breast cancer cells. Together, these results suggest that inflammatory cytokines promote metastatic disease in a breast cancer subtype-dependent manner. Importantly, these studies both provide a rationale for the development of breast cancer therapeutic regimens that target multiple cytokines as well as help explain why single anti-cytokine therapies have failed in clinical trials

Phase cinematographic observation on the multinucleated giant cells infected with measles virus

The normal mitotic dog kidney cell division and the multinucleated giant cell formation and degeneration of the dog kidney cells infected with measles virus were observed by the phase-cinematography. It took only five minutes for the mitotic cell division. The cell assumed a spherical shape before mitosis, and the two divided cells grew to the flat cells on the bottle wall. The giant cell formation was definitely the result of cell fusion. The cellular contents of the multinucleated giant cell were exposed after buddings, and the cell itself died.</p

発話内・発話間構造を考慮した話者クラスタリング手法の研究

早大学位記番号:新7474早稲田大

First-principles characterization of ferromagnetic Mn5Ge3 for spintronic applications

In the active search for potentially promising candidates for spintronic applications, we focus on the intermetallic ferromagnetic Mn5Ge3 compound and perform accurate first-principles FLAPW calculations within density functional theory. Through a careful investigation of the bulk electronic and magnetic structure, our results for the total magnetization, atomic magnetic moments, metallic conducting character and hyperfine fields are found to be in good agreement with experiments, and are elucidated in terms of a hybridization mechanism and exchange interaction. In order to assess the potential of this compound for spin-injection purposes, we calculate Fermi velocities and degree of spin-polarization; our results predict a rather high spin-injection efficiency in the diffusive regime along the hexagonal c-axis. Magneto-optical properties, such as L_2,3 X-ray magnetic circular dichroism, are also reported and await comparison with experimental data.Comment: 10 pages with 6 figures, to appear in Phys. Rev.

Micromorphological changes in MDCK cells infected with measles virus

There are many electron microscopic observations of the cells infected with measles virus (1-6), and all of them appear to be concerned mainly with observation on the inclusion bodies and not any seems to have described the morphology of mature virus particles located within the infected cell.</p