Code mixing in \u27Ammiyat Al-muthaqqafin: a case study on the use of the b-prefix as a tense marker

This study aims at investigating possible rules that govern code mixing between the two basic varieties (H and L; Ferguson, 1959) at the verbal phrase level (combining linguistic features of Fusha and ‘ammiya in spoken verbal sentences used in ‘ammiyat Al-Muthaqqafin). In this study, the feature of choice is the use of the b-prefix (an aspectual marker used as a prefix with present tense ‘ammiya verbs). In particular, this study aims at analyzing the possible rules that govern the use of the b-prefix from a linguistic perspective. Furthermore, this study attempts to determine whether morphological or syntactic factors affect its use. Finally, the possible effect of the topic on the use of the b-prefix shall be investigated

The relationship between the GDP, FDI, and non-oil exports in the Saudi economy - 1970-2019: Evidence from (VECM) and (ARDL) assessment - according to Vision 2030

Abstract. This study examines the long-term and short-term balance relationship of GDP, Foreign Direct Investment to the performance of nonoil exports in KSA within the framework of the export-led growth (ELG) hypothesis: Evidence from ARDL, VECM and a smaller evaluation according to Vision 2030. We performed an analysis for the period from 1970 to 2019 by an autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model and checked the robustness of the results in the vector error correction (VECM) model. The co-integration and Toda - Yamamoto causality analysis are conducted by using two techniques of vector error correction model (VECM) and autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL). The main findings are: Foreign direct investment can increase GDP growth rates by increasing non-oil exports in the Saudi economy according to the results of the Toda - Yamamoto Causality Test; and the GDP in the Saudi economy are affected by FDI and the rates of non-oil exports, in the long and short term, and the reason is the strength of the reserves of the Saudi economy. The contribution of this research is that the outcomes found by means of econometric models can be used for predicting and measuring GDP in upcoming years, can get a guideline from this research To the economic policy makers in Saudi Arabia. Also, the dynamic interaction among FDI, non-oil exports, and economic growth is investigated using the ARDL. The ARDL co-integration results showed that GDP, FDI and non-oil exports are co-integrated, indicating the presence of a long-run equilibrium relationship between them. Besides, the results for the relationship between GDP, FDI and Non-Oil Exports are interesting and indicate that there is no significant from variables and vice-versa using Toda-Yamamoto causality.Keywords. GDP, FDI, Non-oil exports, Stationary, Toda-Yamamoto Test, VECM, ARDL.JEL. D42, D43, H21, L12, L13

Molecular imaging of atherosclerosis with integrated PET imaging

Atherosclerotic diseases account for nearly half of all deaths and are leading causes of adult disability. Our understanding of how atherosclerosis leads to cardiovascular disease events has evolved: from a concept of progressive luminal narrowing, to that of sudden rupture and thrombosis of biologically active atheroma. In concert with this conceptual shift, contemporary imaging techniques now allow imaging of biological processes that associate with plaque instability: active calcification and plaque inflammation. This review focuses on opportunities provided by positron emission tomography/computed tomography, to identify these high-risk biological features of atherosclerosis.BH is supported by Research Training grant from Alexandria University. NRE is supported by a Research Training Fellowship from The Dunhill Medical Trust [Grant Number RTF44/0114]. JHFR is part supported by the NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, the British Heart Foundation, EPSRC, and the Wellcome Trust. AT reports grants from NIH/NHLBI, Actelion, Genentech and Takeda, and personal fees from Actelion, Amgen AstraZeneca, and Takeda, all outside the submitted work

The Legal Basis for a Holding Company\u27s Liability for Its Subsidiary\u27s Debt: Comparative Analysis of the UAE and the Egyptian Legal Systems

Rapid changes have tested and will continue to test the limits of liability in tort law. To date, much pressure has been applied to the principles governing the liability of a holding company since the doctrine of veil piercing has fallen out of favor with many courts. This article studies the legal basis of the holding\u27s liability for its subsidiary\u27s debts in the light of two contradicting principles: The ‘legal independence\u27 and the ‘economic dependence\u27 of the subsidiary. The study concludes that it makes no sense to make the holding company carry out full custody of its subsidiaries, but meanwhile, parties injured by subsidiaries can make a claim on the holding if a direct duty of care has been breached. Therefore, much wisdom is needed to estimate the civil responsibility of the holding company. Thus, this article analyses the court decisions, laws, and policy considerations governing a holding company\u27s liability in the UAE and Egypt

Performance Analysis of TCAMs in Switches

The Catalyst 6500 is a modern commercial switch, capable of processing millions of packets per second through the utilization of specialized hardware. One of the main hardware components aiding the switch in performing its task is the Ternary Content Addressable Memory (TCAM). TCAMs update themselves with data relevant to routing and switching based on the traffic flowing through the switch. This enables the switch to forward future packets destined to a location that has already been previously discovered - at a very high speed. The problem is TCAMs have a limited size, and once they reach their capacity, the switch has to rely on software to perform the switching and routing - a much slower process than performing Hardware Switching that utilizes the TCAM. A framework has been developed to analyze the switch’s performance once the TCAM has reached its capacity, as well as measure the penalty associated with a cache miss. This thesis concludes with some recommendations and future work

The Interaction Between Water Movement, Solute Uptake, and Respirational Energy in Plant Roots

Sunflower plants (Helianthus annus, var. Russian mammoth) were grown in Hogland nutrient solution. The roots (after being subjected to treatments with either respiratory inhibitors or respiratory stimulators) were used to measure the flux of water Jw, flux of solute Js , and the rate of respiration Jo. The thermodynamic theory of irreversible processes was used to examine the interaction between fluxes, and the changes in conductivity under different treatments. The rate equations for a root membrane of unit thickness were developed as: Jw = LwwVw∆p + LwsRT ln C1s/C2s +LwoRT ln C1o/C2o Js = LswVx∆p + LssRT ln C1s/C2s + LsoRT ln C1o/C2o Jo = LowVw∆p + Los RT ln C1s/C2s + LooRT ln C1o/C2o Where: Lww, Lss, Loo are the direct transfer coefficients for water, solute , and oxygen; and Lws, Lsw, Lwo, Low, Lso, Los are the interaction or linked transfer coefficients; Vw partial molal volume (or specific volume) of water , ∆p the difference in pressure between the external solution and xylem: C1s and C2s , C1o and C2o are the salt and oxygen concentration in external solution and xylem respectively. The results showed that: 1. The nonlinearity of the flux of water through the root system of sunflower is due to causes associated with the membrane (mainly the permeability). 2. The increase in respiration did not increase the permeability of the membrane. 3. The uptake of water due to solute potential under transpiring conditions is small, but important. 4. The uptake of solute in normal root systems is by active process fromsolutions to the zylem and then moves passively to the leaves. 5. An increase in passive water uptake might cause an increase of respiration of the root

The Value of 18 Fluorine-fluorodeoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography Imaging in Breast Cancer Staging

BACKGROUND: Accurate staging is important for management decisions in patients with newly diagnosed breast cancer. AIM: This study was conducted to evaluate the value of 18 fluorine-fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) imaging in breast cancer staging.. METHODS: A prospective study of 80 patients (1 male and 79 female) mean age 51.13 years with histologically confirmed breast cancer. The staging procedures included history, physical examination, mammography, and CT of neck, chest, abdomen, and pelvis; then, PET/CT was performed in a time interval <30 days. The findings of PET/CT were compared with those of the other conventional methods. RESULTS: The agreement between conventional methods (mammography, breast ultrasound, contrast-enhanced CT of the neck, chest, abdomen, and pelvis) and 18F FDG-PET/CT was 0.6 for assessing the T stage, 0.39 for N stage, and 0.75 for M stage. There was moderate agreement between CT and 18F FDG-PET/CT in the detection of nodal lesions (K=0.6) and pulmonary lesions (K=0.51), while a perfect agreement was noted for detecting osseous (K=0.82) and liver lesions (K=0.81). In total, 50 patients (62.5%) were concordantly staged between the conventional imaging and 18F-FDG PET/CT, while 30 patients (37.5%) showed a different tumor, node, and metastasis stage. The changes were driven by the detection of additional findings (n=26) or exclusion of findings (n=4), mainly at the lymph nodes (LNs) and/or distant sites. Regarding N status, 18F FDG-PET/CT revealed previously unknown regional lymphatic spread in supraclavicular (n=4; 5%), infraclavicular (n=11; 13.7%), and internal mammary (n=12; 15%) lymph node groups. 18F-FDG PET/CT changed M status in a total of four patients (5%); three of them were upstaged by detecting distant metastases, while osseous deposits were excluded in one patient leading to downstaging. CONCLUSION: 18F-FDG-PET/CT is considered a valuable imaging tool in the initial staging of breast cancer, which significantly impacts the overall American Joint Committee on Cancer staging in 37.5% of our study population

Psychological distress and risk of myocardial infarction and stroke in the 45 and Up Study: a 1 prospective cohort study

Background The interplay between mental and physical health remains poorly understood. We investigated whether psychological distress is associated with risk of myocardial infarction (MI) and stroke in a population-based prospective study. Methods and Results We included participants without prior stroke/MI from the New South Wales 45 and Up Study. We categorized baseline psychological distress as low, medium, and high/very high on the 10-item Kessler Psychological Distress scale and identified stroke and MI through linkage to hospital admission and mortality records. We obtained sex and age-stratified adjusted and unadjusted hazard ratios for the association between psychological distress and MI and stroke. We investigated for interaction between psychological distress and each of age and sex. Among 221 677 participants, 16.2% and 7.3% had moderate and high/very high psychological distress at recruitment, respectively. During 4.7 (±0.98 SD) years of follow-up, 4573 MIs and 2421 strokes occurred. Absolute risk of MI and stroke increased with increasing psychological distress level. In men aged 45 to 79 years, high/very high versus low psychological distress was associated with a 30% increased risk of MI (fully adjusted hazard ratios, 1.30; 95% CI, 1.12-1.51), with weaker estimates in those aged ≥80 years. Among women, high/very high psychological distress was associated with an 18% increased risk of MI (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.18; 95% CI, 0.99-1.42) with similar findings across age groups. In the age group of participants aged 45 to 79 years, high/very high psychological distress and male sex had a supra-additive effect on MI risk. Similar estimates were observed for stroke, with high/very high psychological distress associated with a 24% and 44% increased stroke risk in men and women, respectively, with no evidence of interaction with age or sex. Conclusions Psychological distress has a strong, dose-dependent, positive association with MI and stroke in men and women, despite adjustment for a wide range of confounders