Binding of RoxP to a MIP-electrode.

<p>(A) Actual sensorgram showing real-time binding of RoxP to the RoxP-imprinted gold electrode indicating i) a stable baseline with the RoxP-electrode having template-specific cavities (white star), ii) injection of sample, and iii) binding of RoxP to the electrode, resulting in a change in capacitance. (B) Using different concentrations of RoxP, a calibration curve was established and fitted to a linear regression model. A running buffer of 50 mM Tris pH 7.4, and a regeneration buffer of 25 mM glycine-HCl pH 2.5 supplemented with 0.05 M Tween-20 was used, operating the instrument at a speed of 100 μl/min and a sample volume of 250 μl.</p

Selectivity coefficients of RoxP-MIP capacitive biosensor.

<p>Selectivity coefficients of RoxP-MIP capacitive biosensor.</p

SEM micrographs of RoxP imprinted capacitive gold electrodes.

<p>(A) Bare gold electrode, and (B-D) RoxP-imprinted electrodes in different magnifications (B: 1,000x; C: 1,500x; D: 2,500x).</p

RoxP detection on skin <i>in vivo</i>.

<p>(A) RoxP detection with the RoxP-MIP capacitive biosensor for a RoxP spiked sample containing the same buffer composition as skin swabs, (B) or from non-spiked samples (control sample; orange) or skin swabs (blue) using a dilution ratio of 1/10. A running buffer of 50 mM Tris pH 7.4, and a regeneration buffer of 25 mM glycine-HCl pH 2.5 supplemented with 0.05 M Tween-20 was used, operating the instrument at a speed of 100 μl/min and a sample volume of 250 μl.</p

Charge pump design.

<p>Overall scheme of the charge pump design divided into different modules connected to electronics for sensing, sampling, and wireless radio transmission of data.</p

Bench-top device test.

<p>Photographs of the set-up for the bench-top device test, showing (A) the oxygen sensitive wireless self-powered biodevice, <i>i.e.</i> an EFC (electrochemical cell containing the anodes, 1, and cathodes, 2) connected to the wireless operational unit (white box, 3) and a control device (voltmeter, 4) and (B) a computer with the developed control software and receiver (CC2530 radio highlighted with the white arrow, 5), placed roughly 4 m from the device.</p

Wireless carbohydrate sensing.

<p>Recorded signal from the carbohydrate sensitive self-contained biodevice in buffers with varying lactose concentrations.</p

Wireless oxygen sensing.

<p>Recorded signal from the self-contained biodevice for oxygen monitoring in buffers with varying oxygen concentrations.</p