Caracterização biogeoquímica de solos antropogênicos da estação experimental do Caldeirão (Iranduba, AM-Brasil)

Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Ciências Físicas e Matemáticas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química, Florianópolis, 2013Os solos de Terra Preta de Índio (TPI) e Terra Mulata (TM) são solos antropogênicos, encontrados na região Amazônica, ricos em matéria orgânica (MO) estável. Considerando que o conhecimento sobre a formação e incorporação de MO nestes solos vem sendo investigada recentemente, e que análises geoquímicas orgânicas revelaram-se ferramentas interessantes para a investigação das fontes de MO em solos, o objetivo deste estudo é investigar e comparar a distribuição de compostos orgânicos (principalmente lipídios) preservados nas frações "livres", "alcalinas" e "ácidas" de quatro solos TPI, três solos TM e dois solos adjacentes (argissolos) da Estação Experimental do Caldeirão, Iranduba-AM, Brasil. Os principais compostos detectados em todas as frações de todos os solos foram: ácidos monocarboxílicos n-saturados, ramificados e insaturados, hidroxiácidos e álcanóis (álcoois lineares n-saturados). Na fração alcalina foram detectados também diácidos e dihidroxiácidos (principalmente derivados da suberina) e ácidos aromáticos derivados da lignina/suberina em todos os solos, bem como 5?-colesterol, ácidos biliares e ácido fosfórico apenas nos solos TPI. Em geral, as análises dos compostos orgânicos (lipídios) nas frações "livre", "alcalina" e "ácida" são complementares e, juntas fornecem informações valiosas sobre a incorporação de MO nos solos TPI e TM. Diferentes distribuições de ?-hidroxiáxidos, ácidos biliares, diácidos, dihidroxiácidos e ácido 9(10),16-dihidroxihexadecanóico mostraram uma origem distinta para os solos antropogênicos estudados. A influência da vegetação moderna nestes solos antropogênicos foi detectada apenas no topo dos perfis (superfície). A presença do colesterol e dos ácidos biliares apenas nos solos TPI, é um forte indicativo da incorporação de fezes e/ou mesmo restos humanos a esses solos. Os dados obtidos através da pirólise acoplada à cromatografia gasosa e a espectrometria de massas (PI-GC-MS) e da termoquimólise acoplada à cromatografia gasosa e a espectrometria de massas (THM-GC-MS) mostraram poucas diferenças entre a composição dos solos TPI e do solo adjacente. Porém, esses resultados juntamente aos obtidos para os lipídios extraíveis auxiliaram na determinação da origem da matéria orgânica incorporada aos solos.Abstract : Terra Preta de Índio (TPI) and Terra Mulata (TM) soils are anthropogenic soils from the Amazon region, rich in stable organic matter (OM). Considering that the knowledge about the formation and incorporation of OM on these soils has recently been investigated, and that geochemical analysis has been revealed as an interesting toll for the investigation of the sources of OM in soils, the aim of this study is to investigate and to compare the distribution of organic compounds (mainly lipids) preserved in the "free", "alkaline" and "acid" fractions of four TPI soils, three TM soils and two adjacent soils (untilsoil) of the Caldeirão Experimental Station, Iranduba-AM, Brazil. The main compounds detected in all fractions of the all soils were: alkanoic acid n-saturated, ramified and unsaturated, hydroxyacids and alkanois (alcohols n-saturated). In the "alkaline" fraction were also detected dialkanoic diacids and dihydroxyacids (mainly suberine-derivatives) and aromatic acids lignin/suberine derivatives in all the soils, as well as 5?-cholesterol, bile acids and phosphoric acid only in the TPI soils. In general, the analysis of the organic compounds (lipids) in the three fractions ("free", "alkaline" and "acid") were complementary and, together they provided valuable information about the OM incorporation in the TPI and TM soils. Different distributions of ?-hydroxyacids, bile acids, dialkanoic diacids, dihydroxyacids and 9(10),16-dihydroxyhexadecanoic acid showed a distinct genesis for the anthropogenic soils studied. The influence of the modern vegetation in these anthropogenic soils was detected only in the top of the profile (surface). The presence of the 5?-cholesterol and the bile acids only in the TPI soils is an indicative of the incorporation of feces and/or even humans remains in these soils. The data obtained throught the pyrolysis coupled to the gas chromatography and the mass spectrometry (Py-GC-MS) and thermochemolysis coupled to the gas chromatography and the mass spectrometry (THM-GC-MS) showed few differences among the composition of the TPI and the adjacent soils. However, these resulted together with the data obtained of the lipids extracted aided in the determination of the origin of the OM inputed at the soils

Micronutrient availability in amazonian dark earths and adjacent soils

Amazonian Dark Earths (ADEs) are highly fertile soils in areas with predominance of unfertile soils. However, the variation in nutrient availability between regions and the resilience of ADEs to modern agricultural use is still little known, particularly regarding micronutrient contents. Hence, the present study synthesized current information of ADE impacts on extractable micronutrient (Cu, Ni, Fe, Mn, Zn, B) contents at different soil depths and assessed in detail the role of both soil depth and land-use type on extractable Cu, Ni, Fe, Mn and Zn in nine ADEs and adjacent (ADJ) soils from different Amazonian regions. The land-use systems chosen were secondary old (OF) or young (YF) forests, and agricultural systems (AS) in Iranduba, Belterra and Porto Velho. Only eight studies compared extractable (Mehlich-1) micronutrient contents at 21 sites with ADEs and ADJ soils, but only four studies included depths greater than 30 cm, and B and Ni were evaluated in only one study. Higher Mn and Zn, but lower Fe contents were found in ADEs both from literature data and in the present study, especially in the first 30 cm depth. Increases in extractable Ni and Cu in ADEs varied according to the site and the land use considered. Micronutrient contents tended to decrease with depth, but varied depending on the element, site, soil type and land use. Sites with modern agriculture showed few differences in extractable micronutrient contents, except for a decrease in Fe in Belterra and Mn in Porto Velho. Considering the high amounts of some micro- and macronutrients in ADEs further work is warranted concerning soil management and nutrient balance in plants grown on these soils

Determination of heavy metals by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry in water samples from Lake Iripixi, Oriximina, PA, Brazil

Federal University of Western Pará. Institute of Biodiversity and Forests. Santarém, PA, BrazilFederal University of Western Pará. Institute of Water Science and Technology. Santarém, PA, BrazilFederal University of Western Pará. Institute of Water Science and Technology. Santarém, PA, BrazilFederal University of Western Pará. Institute of Water Science and Technology. Santarém, PA, BrazilMinistério da Saúde. Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde. Instituto Evandro Chagas. Ananindeua, PA, BrasilUniversity of Peshawar. Institute of Chemical Science. Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, PakistanUniversity of Peshawar. Institute of Chemical Science. Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, PakistanFederal University of Western Pará. Institute of Biodiversity and Forests. Santarém, PA, BrazilThe presented study sheds light on the applicability of inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) for the multielement analysis of naturally obtained water. The technique mainly focused on the determination of cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn) which are considered to be toxic metals and have deteriorating health impacts. The water samples were collected from Lake Iripixi (1 degrees 46 ' 00 '' S and 55 degrees 51 ' 30 '' W) located in the municipality of Oriximina, PA, Brazil. The validation characteristics of the method including the limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) were also studied which were obtained in a satisfactory range for all heavy metals. The physicochemical characteristics of the soil like dissolved oxygen (DO), pH, conductivity, and total dissolved solids (TDS) were also determined. The most suitable emission wavelengths were selected for the analysis of each toxic metal. The LOD and LOQ results showed that the method is suitable, simple, sensitive, and practical for the analysis of toxic metals

Determination of macro and trace element levels in honey from the lower amazonian region, Brazil

Project 88881.159143/2017-01 funded by CAPES (Coordination of Improvement of Higher Education Personnel) and FAPESPA (Amazonia Foundation for Studies and Research in Pará)Universidade Federal do Oeste do Pará. Instituto de Biodiversidade e Florestas. Santarém, PA, Brazil.Universidade Federal do Oeste do Pará. Instituto de Biodiversidade e Florestas. Santarém, PA, Brazil.Universidade Federal do Oeste do Pará. Instituto de Biodiversidade e Florestas. Santarém, PA, Brazil.Universidade Federal do Oeste do Pará. Instituto de Biodiversidade e Florestas. Santarém, PA, Brazil.Universidade Federal do Oeste do Pará. Instituto de Biodiversidade e Florestas. Santarém, PA, Brazil.Ministério da Saúde. Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde. Instituto Evandro Chagas. Ananindeua, PA, Brasil.Ministério da Saúde. Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde. Instituto Evandro Chagas. Ananindeua, PA, Brasil.Ministério da Saúde. Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde. Instituto Evandro Chagas. Ananindeua, PA, Brasil.Universidade Federal do Oeste do Pará. Instituto de Biodiversidade e Florestas. Santarém, PA, Brazil.The aim of this study was to quantify the macro and trace element concentrations in Apis mellifera and Melipona interrupta honey samples from the Lower Amazonian region in order to evaluate if the samples of different geographical origin and/or species could be distinguished by their mineral content. In addition, it was evaluated the presence of potentially toxic metals in honey samples. The metal contents were determined by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP OES) and the most abundant metals found in the samples were K, Ca, Mg, and Na. The total metal (K, Ca, Mg, Na, Cd, Co, Ni, Fe, Mn, Cr, Al and Ba) concentration ranged from 127.7 ± 1.4 to 1844.4 ± 45.2 µg g-1 and from 102.7 ± 2.0 to 639.0 ± 15.3 µg g-1 in Apis mellifera and Melipona interrupta honey, respectively. All mineral content levels found in the honey samples were lower than the maximum established by Brazilian and international law (Cd and Cr 0.1 μg g-1, Pb 0.30 μg g-1, Ni 5 μg g-1, Cu 10 μg g-1, Zn 50 μg g-1). Furthermore, Cu, Pb, and Zn were not detected in any of the samples. However, potentially toxic elements, such as Cd, Co, and Ni, were detected in most of the commercial samples and in Apis mellifera honey from beehives that were close to livestock fields and/or soybean areas. Hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) was used to study the mineral contents and it was possible to distinguish eight different groups of honey. However, the Melipona interrupta honey could not be separated into different groups

Levels of organochlorine contaminants in natural bovine milk marketed in Mojuí dos Campos and Belterra, Brazil

Project 88881.159143/2017-01 funded by the Coordination of Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES) and the Amazonia Foundation for Studies and Research in Pará (FAPESPA)Universidade Federal do Oeste do Pará. Instituto de Biodiversidade e Florestas. Santarém, PA, Brazil.Universidade Federal do Oeste do Pará. Instituto de Biodiversidade e Florestas. Santarém, PA, Brazil.Universidade Federal do Oeste do Pará. Instituto de Biodiversidade e Florestas. Santarém, PA, Brazil.Universidade Federal do Oeste do Pará. Instituto de Biodiversidade e Florestas. Santarém, PA, Brazil.Universidade Federal do Oeste do Pará. Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia das Águas. Santarém, PA, Brazil.Universidade Federal do Oeste do Pará. Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia das Águas. Santarém, PA, Brazil.Universidade Federal do Oeste do Pará. Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia das Águas. Santarém, PA, Brazil.Ministério da Saúde. Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde e Ambiente. Instituto Evandro Chagas. Laboratório de Toxicologia. Ananindeua, PA, Brasil.Universidade Federal do Oeste do Pará. Instituto de Biodiversidade e Florestas. Santarém, PA, Brazil.Analyzing the organochlorine pesticide (OCP) content in milk is relevant because it helps evaluate the quality of milk that reaches the consumer's table and also helps identify the geographical areas where there is a high possibility of contamination. Accordingly, this pilot project was aimed at determining the extent of contamination by OCP residues and their metabolites in fresh cow's milk in Mojuí dos Campos and Belterra, Pará, using solid-phase extraction (SPE) and gas chromatography coupled with electron capture detection (GC-ECD). The OCPs evaluated in this study were dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and its metabolites (dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE) and dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane (DDD)), hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) (α, β, γ, and δ), endosulfanα and β, and endosulfansulfate. None of the thirty bovine milk samples analyzed showed any contamination with OCPs. The OCP content was within the limit of quantification of the method. The results of this study add to the existing knowledge on the quality of bovine milk produced in these locations. However, further research on other environmental matrices is required to confirm the results obtained in this stud

Organochlorine pesticides residues in commercial milk: a systematic review

CNPQ (National Council for Scientific and Technological Development) and CAPES (Coordination of Improvement of Higher Education Personnel)Universidade Federal do Oeste do Pará. Programa de Pós Graduação em Biociências. Oriximiná, PA, Brasil.Universidade Federal do Oeste do Pará. Programa de Pós Graduação em Biociências. Oriximiná, PA, Brasil.Universidade Federal do Oeste do Pará. Programa de Pós Graduação em Biociências. Oriximiná, PA, Brasil.Universidade Federal do Oeste do Pará. Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia das Águas. Santarém, PA, Brazil.Universidade Federal do Oeste do Pará. Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia das Águas. Santarém, PA, Brazil.Universidade Federal do Oeste do Pará. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Recursos Aquáticos Amazônicos. Santarém, PA, Brazil.Universidade Federal do Oeste do Pará. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Recursos Aquáticos Amazônicos. Santarém, PA, Brazil.Ministério da Saúde. Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde. Instituto Evandro Chagas. Laboratório de Toxicologia. Ananindeua, PA, Brasil.Universidade Federal do Oeste do Pará. Instituto de Biodiversidade e Florestas. Santarém, PA, Brazil.Universidade Federal do Oeste do Pará. Instituto de Biodiversidade e Florestas. Santarém, PA, Brazil.Universidade Federal do Oeste do Pará. Instituto de Biodiversidade e Florestas. Santarém, PA, Brazil.La leche es un alimento importante en la dieta de la población humana, principalmente por su contenido en grasas, proteínas, vitaminas y minerales. No obstante, el uso de pesticidas organoclorados (PCO) durante décadas ha contaminado el suelo, el agua y el aire y, por tanto, también ha contaminado la leche. En este sentido, en el presente trabajo se realizó una revisión de los artículos científicos, entre 2000 y 2016, relacionados con la evaluación del grado de contaminación de diferentes tipos de leche por PCO en varias regiones del mundo. Como resultado, se observó que, aunque el uso de los PCO ha sido prohibido en la agricultura desde la década de 1980, estos compuestos o sus metabolitos aún se han detectado en muchas muestras, y en algunos casos los niveles se encontraban por encima del máximo permitido por la Organización Mundial de la Salud. Además, la mayoría de las muestras presentaron contaminación, lo que las convierte en un gran riesgo para la salud humana debido a su bioacumulación

ATRIBUTOS QUÍMICOS DE SUELO EN SISTEMAS DE USOS DIFERENTE, ITACOATIARA-AM, BRASIL

The use of soil to implement several management systems, such as agriculture, livestock farming and agroforestry activities contribute to the depletion of the soil and the forest, reducing or increasing the levels of soil chemical attributes, such as calcium, magnesium, potassium, and phosphorus and increase or decrease of active (pH) or exchangeable (Aluminum) acidity. This study aimed to evaluate macronutrients (calcium - Ca2+, magnesium - Mg2+, potassium - K+ and phosphorus - P), as well as aluminum - Al3+ and soil pH, under use systems: agroforestry system - SAFs and pasture - PA, comparing them to Primary Forest - PF, in the Rosenthal community in Itacoatiara-AM, Brazil. The soils were sampled in layers 0-10 cm and 10-20 cm deep, with samples composed of six single samples each. The distribution of nutrient contents (Ca2+, Mg2+, K+ , and P) considering the 0-10 and 10-20 cm layers showed little variation, except for phosphorus, which obtained the highest concentration in the prospected layers. The distribution of calcium, magnesium, and potassium nutrients in the sampled soil layers decreased with depth. However, an inverse pattern was observed in the elevation of active soil acidity and aluminium levels. Soil macronutrients showed medium to high concentrations, with forest and SAFs as systems that preserve good levels of fertility.El uso del suelo para implementar varios sistemas de gestión, como la agricultura, la ganadería y las actividades agroforestales contribuyen al agotamiento del suelo y del bosque, reduciendo o aumentando los niveles de los atributos químicos del suelo, como el calcio, el magnesio, el potasio y fósforo y aumento o disminución de la acidez activa (pH) o intercambiable (aluminio). El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar los macronutrientes (calcio – Ca2+, magnesio – Mg2+, potasio – K+ y fósforo -, P), así como aluminio - Al3 + y pH del suelo, bajo sistemas de uso: sistema agroforestal - SAF y pastos - AP, comparándolos con el bosque primario - FP, en la comunidad Rosenthal en Itacoatiara, estado de Amazonas, Brasil. Los suelos se muestrearon en capas de 0-10 cm y 10-20 cm de profundidad, con muestras compuestas de seis muestras individuales cada una. La distribución del contenido de nutrientes (Ca2+, Mg2+, K+ y P) considerando las capas de 0-10 y 10-20 cm mostró poca variación, a excepción del fósforo, que obtuvo la concentración más alta en las capas prospectadas. La distribución de nutrientes de calcio, magnesio y potasio en las capas de suelo muestreadas disminuyó con la profundidad. Sin embargo, se observó un patrón inverso en la elevación de la acidez activa del suelo y los niveles de aluminio. Los macronutrientes del suelo tienen concentraciones de media a altas, con bosques y SAFs como sistemas que preservan buenos niveles de fertilidad