Ультразвуковое исследование легких при пневмонии

In the last few decades the content of diagnostic information provided by ultrasound examination of the chest in a wide spectrum of diseases (pneumonia, peripheral tumors, pleural diseases, pneumothorax) has been widely discussed. The advantages of ultrasound examination (the lack of radiation exposure, image in real time, the distinct visualization of pulmonary subpleural portions and costal diaphragmatic sinuses) provide the possibility to use ultrasound in pediatric practice for frequent monitoring of pneumonia dynamics. The use of ultrasound examination in the diagnostic algorithm in adult patients with pneumonia is not widely used in Russian clinical practice.The article gives the details about the technique of ultrasound examination of the chest, ultrasound anatomy, the impact of the morphological substrate of the pathological formation on the ultrasound picture, and its localization and length. The review of bibliography data about ultrasound semiotics of pneumonia depending on the type of inflammatory infiltrate (hypo and hyperechoic structure of various shapes, length, artifacts, A-line, -line). The necessity of ultrasound use for monitoring pneumonia in order to assess the therapy efficacy has been proven (this is a very strong statement, I would say it “has been supported”.It is indicated that the possibility of ultrasound examination depending on morphological forms of inflammation has not been disclosed and there are no data about the comparison of ultrasound, X-ray and computed tomography. The recommended frequency of the ultrasound monitoring of different inflammatory lung diseases has not yet been determined (this makes it sound like there are no results).This article indicates that ultrasound examination can take its important place as an option in the diagnosis in patients with inflammatory lung diseases due to the safety and wide availability of this method in combination with the CDK. В последние десятилетия широко обсуждается диагностическая информативность ультразвука при многочисленном спектре заболеваний органов грудной клетки (пневмония, периферические объемные образования, заболевания плевры, пневмоторакс). Преимущества ультразвукового исследования – отсутствие лучевой нагрузки, получение изображения в реальном времени, отчетливая визуализация субплевральных отделов легких и реберно-диафрагмальных синусов – дают возможность использовать ультразвук в педиатрической практике для частого мониторирования динамики пневмонии. Применение ультразвукового исследования в диагностическом алгоритме у пациентов взрослого контингента с пневмонией в отечественной клинической практике широко не используется.В статье подробно излагаются методика ультразвукового исследования органов грудной клетки, ультразвуковая анатомия, ультразвуковая картина в зависимости от морфологического субстрата патологического образования, его локализации, протяженности.Представлен обзор библиографических данных об ультразвуковой семиотике пневмоний в зависимости от типа воспалительного инфильтрата (гипо-и гиперэхогенные структуры различной формы, протяженности, артефакты, А-линии, В-линии). Обоснована необходимость использования ультразвука для мониторирования течения пневмонии с целью оценки эффективности терапии.Указано, что до настоящего времени не раскрыты полностью возможности ультразвукового исследования в зависимости от морфологической формы воспаления, нет данных о сопоставлении ультразвукового исследования, рентгенографии и компьютерной томографии. Не установлена периодичность ультразвукового мониторирования воспалительных заболеваний легких.Ввиду безопасности и широкой доступности метода в сочетании с использованием режима цветного допплеровского картирования ультразвуковое исследование может занять надлежащее место в алгоритме лучевой диагностики у больных воспалительными заболеваниями легких.

Ultrasound examination of pneumonia-infected lungs

In the last few decades the content of diagnostic information provided by ultrasound examination of the chest in a wide spectrum of diseases (pneumonia, peripheral tumors, pleural diseases, pneumothorax) has been widely discussed. The advantages of ultrasound examination (the lack of radiation exposure, image in real time, the distinct visualization of pulmonary subpleural portions and costal diaphragmatic sinuses) provide the possibility to use ultrasound in pediatric practice for frequent monitoring of pneumonia dynamics. The use of ultrasound examination in the diagnostic algorithm in adult patients with pneumonia is not widely used in Russian clinical practice.The article gives the details about the technique of ultrasound examination of the chest, ultrasound anatomy, the impact of the morphological substrate of the pathological formation on the ultrasound picture, and its localization and length. The review of bibliography data about ultrasound semiotics of pneumonia depending on the type of inflammatory infiltrate (hypo and hyperechoic structure of various shapes, length, artifacts, A-line, -line). The necessity of ultrasound use for monitoring pneumonia in order to assess the therapy efficacy has been proven (this is a very strong statement, I would say it “has been supported”.It is indicated that the possibility of ultrasound examination depending on morphological forms of inflammation has not been disclosed and there are no data about the comparison of ultrasound, X-ray and computed tomography. The recommended frequency of the ultrasound monitoring of different inflammatory lung diseases has not yet been determined (this makes it sound like there are no results).This article indicates that ultrasound examination can take its important place as an option in the diagnosis in patients with inflammatory lung diseases due to the safety and wide availability of this method in combination with the CDK

Photoinduced Processes in Lysine-Tryptophan-Lysine Tripeptide with L and D Tryptophan

Optical isomers of short peptide Lysine-Tryptophan-Lysine (Lys-{L/D-Trp}-Lys) and Lys-Trp-Lys with an acetate counter-ion were used to study photoinduced intramolecular and intermolecular processes of interest in photobiology. A comparison of L- and D-amino acid reactivity is also the focus of scientists’ attention in various specialties because today, the presence of amyloid proteins with D-amino acids in the human brain is considered one of the leading causes of Alzheimer’s disease. Since aggregated amyloids, mainly Aβ42, are highly disordered peptides that cannot be studied with traditional NMR and X-ray techniques, it is trending to explore the reasons for differences between L- and D-amino acids using short peptides, as in our article. Using NMR, chemically induced dynamic nuclear polarization (CIDNP) and fluorescence techniques allowed us to detect the influence of tryptophan (Trp) optical configuration on the peptides fluorescence quantum yields, bimolecular quenching rates of Trp excited state, and the photocleavage products formation. Thus, compared with the D-analog, the L-isomer shows a greater Trp excited state quenching efficiency with the electron transfer (ET) mechanism. There are experimental confirmations of the hypothesis about photoinduced ET between Trp and the CONH peptide bond, as well as between Trp and another amide group

Optical Configuration Effect on the Structure and Reactivity of Diastereomers Revealed by Spin Effects and Molecular Dynamics Calculations

The peculiarities of spin effects in photoinduced electron transfer (ET) in diastereomers of donor-acceptor dyads are considered in order to study the influence of chirality on reactivity. Thus, the spin selectivity—the difference between the enhancement coefficients of chemically induced dynamic nuclear polarization (CIDNP)—of the dyad’s diastereomers reflects the difference in the spin density distribution in its paramagnetic precursors that appears upon UV irradiation. In addition, the CIDNP coefficient itself has demonstrated a high sensitivity to the change of chiral centers: when one center is changed, the hyperpolarization of all polarized nuclei of the molecule is affected. The article analyzes the experimental values of spin selectivity based on CIDNP calculations and molecular dynamic modeling data in order to reveal the effect of optical configuration on the structure and reactivity of diastereomers. In this way, we succeeded in tracing the differences in dyads with L- and D-tryptophan as an electron donor. Since the replacement of L-amino acid with D-analog in specific proteins is believed to be the cause of Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases, spin effects and molecular dynamic simulation in model dyads can be a useful tool for investigating the nature of this phenomenon