Obesity: Ethnic and Regional Differences in the Diet and Gut Microbiota (Review)

Problems of obesity, nutrition and microbiota are discussed in this review. In a world of constant economic and cultural changes traditional diet is being replaced by western diet, rich in free sugars, saturated fats, salt, and characterized by increased average daily dietary energy consumption intake. Such «western-style» diet is associated with high weight gain, leading to metabolic disorders, namely diet-related obesity, which is rapidly increasing globally. The impact of ethnicity to the development of obesity as inter-ethnic and intra-ethnic differences in dietary habits is showed. Dietary habits of different countries, including ethnic minorities, provide a specific pattern of gut microbiota and microbiome. In the context of globalization, international migration and rapid urbanization, changes in dietary habits occurred without proper adaptation of gut microbiota. Gut microbiota plays the fundamental role in regulation and pathogenesis of metabolic disorders due to making metabolites for normal human development, therefore gut microbiota dysbiosis may lead to metabolic dysfunction, including obesity. The review shows actual worldwide data of evolution of adult obesity over time, dietary energy consumption in different country and different climatic regions. It analyzes changes in gut microbiota composition depending on traditional or western diet, and on nationality and race

Effect of MC4R gene polymorphism on food intake in adolescents with overweight and obesity

BACKGROUND: The melanocortin 4 receptor gene (MC4R) codes the receptor expressed in the hypothalamus and involved in the regulation of body mass and height. Data on the association of polymorphism MC4R rs17782313 with anthropometric parameters are contradictory. AIMS: to study the influence of the carrier of polymorphism MC4R rs17782313 on the anthropometric parameters in adolescents of different ethnic groups: caucasians and mongoloids living in the Siberia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study included 179 caucasian adolescents (by the example of russians, average age is 15.07 ± 1.25 years) and 182 mongoloid adolescents (by the example of the buryats, the average age is 14.71 ± 1.28 years), 89 and 92 adolescents were included in groups with overweight and obesity (standard deviation (SDS) BMI> 1), in the control groups (SDS BMI from -1 to + 1) also 90 and 90 adolescents were included in the control groups (SDS BMI from -1 to + 1) (russian and buryat, respectively). Anthropometric measurements included height, weight with the calculation of BMI and SDS BMI, WC (waist circumference), HC (hip circumference ). Genotyping was performed by real-time PCR. Statistical analysis of the results of the study was carried out using the software «STATISTICA 8.0». RESULTS: We showed no association of the risky C-allele of polymorphism rs17782313 with overweight and obesity in russian adolescents (22.5% vs 17.9% OR = 1.34 (p> 0.05)) and in the buryat (29.8% vs 24.1%, OR = 1.43 (p> 0.05)). It was revealed that adolescent carriers of the C-allele in buryat showed higher growth in both groups (control: 162.19 cm vs 157.26 cm (p = 0.019)), the main group: 165.24 cm vs 164.91 cm (p = 0.041)), as well as weight gain in the control group (52.29 kg vs 48.05 kg (p = 0.028)). CONCLUSIONS: Thus, the study revealed the relationship of MC4R rs17782313 polymorphism with height and weight in adolescents of buryat ethnic group

Establishing Normative Values to Determine the Prevalence of Biochemical Hyperandrogenism in Premenopausal Women of Different Ethnicities from Eastern Siberia

Androgen assessment is a key element for diagnosing polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), and defining a “normal” level of circulating androgens is critical for epidemiological studies. We determined the upper normal limits (UNLs) for androgens in a population-based group of premenopausal “healthy control” women, overall and by ethnicity (Caucasian and Asian), in the cross-sectional Eastern Siberia PCOS Epidemiology and Phenotype (ESPEP) Study (ClinicalTrials.gov ID: NCT05194384) conducted in 2016–2019. Overall, we identified a “healthy control” group consisting of 143 healthy premenopausal women without menstrual dysfunction, hirsutism, polycystic ovaries, or medical disorders. We analyzed serum total testosterone (TT) by using liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), and DHEAS, sex-hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), TSH, prolactin, and 17-hydroxyprogesterone (17OHP) were assessed with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The UNLs for the entire population for the TT, free androgen index (FAI), and DHEAS were determined as the 98th percentiles in healthy controls as follows: 67.3 (95% confidence interval (CI): 48.1, 76.5) ng/dl, 5.4 (3.5, 14.0), and 355 (289, 371) μg/dl, respectively. The study results demonstrated that the UNLs for TT and FAI varied by ethnicity, whereas the DHEAS UNLs were comparable in the ethnicities studied

Синдром обструктивного апноэ сна: ассоциация уровня сывороточного мелатонина, повышенной дневной сонливости и интермиттирующей ночной гипоксемии

The relevance of studies related to the features of respiratory disorders during sleep is undeniable due to the steady growth of the worldwide prevalence of apnea syndrome, which leads to a decrease in quality of life, the risk of early cardiovascular diseases together with cerebrovascular, endocrine, and pulmonary disorders.The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between the morning serum melatonin, blood oxygen saturation (SрO2), and increased daytime sleepiness in patients with SOAS, as well as to assess changes in the production of endogenous melatonin after eliminating clinical manifestations of nocturnal hypoxemia, through a 3-month course of non-invasive continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) therapy. The study enrolled 30 male patients who came to the Federal State Public Scientific Institution “Scientific Centre of Family Health and Human Reproduction Problems” because of snoring, sleep apnea, and increased daytime sleepiness.Methods. Polysomnography, questionnaire, HPLC-MS/MS analysis of serum melatonin levels, CPAP-therapy for the respiratory support at home for 3 months, monitoring of the sleep scores, serum melatonin, and daytime sleepiness after the treatment.Results. A comparative assessment of the sleep scores before and after the respiratory support for 3 months revealed a significant improvement in sleep structure, elimination of the apnea episodes, and restoration of blood SрO2 after the therapy. Analysis of the serum melatonin vales confirmed a statistically significant increase of melatonin level against baseline in patients with SOAS after the treatment. A correlation analysis showed a relationship between the melatonin level, daytime sleepiness, and blood SрO2.Conclusion. The results of this study and the data of other researchers demonstrate that the elimination of intermittent nocturnal hypoxia in patients with SOAS allows reducing the morning serum melatonin level, thereby reducing the daytime sleepiness and subsequently improving the quality of life.Актуальность исследований, связанных с особенностями нарушений дыхания во время сна, неоспорима в связи с неуклонным ростом числа случаев синдрома обструктивного апноэ сна (СОАС) в мире, который приводит к снижению качества жизни, риску раннего формирования сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний с развитием цереброваскулярных, эндокринных и бронхолегочных нарушений.Целью исследования явилось определение взаимосвязи утреннего сывороточного мелатонина (СМ), уровня насыщения артериальной крови кислородом (SрO2) во время сна и повышенной дневной сонливости у пациентов с СОАС, а также оценка изменений продукции эндогенного мелатонина после устранения ночной гипоксемии посредством 3-месячного курса респираторной поддержки во время сна в режиме неинвазивной вентиляции легких с постоянным положительным давлением в дыхательных путях (Continuous Positive Airway Pressure — СРАР).Материалы и методы. В исследовании принимали участие пациенты (n = 30) мужского пола, обратившиеся в Иркутский сомнологический центр Федерального государственного бюджетного научного учреждения «Научный центр проблем здоровья семьи и репродукции человека» с жалобами на храп, остановку дыхания во время сна, повышенную дневную сонливость. Проводились полисомнографическое исследование, анкетирование, исследование СМ с помощью высокоэффективной жидкостной хроматографии, респираторная поддержка во время сна в домашних условиях посредством СРАР в течение 3 мес., контроль показателей сна, СМ и оценка дневной сонливости после лечения.Результаты. При проведении сравнительной оценки показателей сна до и после респираторной поддержки во время сна в течение 3 мес. значительно улучшилась структура сна, прекратились эпизоды апноэ и восстановился уровень SрO2 на фоне терапии. При сравнении полученных результатов показателей СМ выявлено статистически достоверное увеличение уровня СМ у пациентов с СОАС в сравнении результатами после лечения По результатам корреляционного анализа выявлена взаимосвязь между уровнем СМ, дневной сонливостью и SрO2.Заключение. На основании полученных результатов и данных других исследований сделано заключение о том, что при устранении ночной интермиттирующей гипоксемии у пациентов с СОАС уменьшаются уровень утреннего СМ и дневная сонливость с последующим улучшением качества жизни