Chromosome spreads of <i>D</i>. <i>antarctica</i>.

<p>(A) Giemsa C-banded chromosomes of the specimen from Galindez Island. (B) Inverted image of the DAPI/C-banded karyotype and (C) localization of 45S (green) and 5S (red) rDNA sites on chromosomes of the specimen from Galindez Island. (D) Ag-NOR staining patterns (dark segments) of chromosomes of the specimen from Skua Island. (E) Localization of telomeric repeats (green), 45S (green) and 5S (red) rDNA loci and in the karyotype of the specimen from Skua Island. Arrows point to the intercalary loci of telomere repeats detected on the largest chromosome pair. (F) Distribution of 5S rDNA sites (red) and GAA microsatellite sequence (green) on chromosomes of the specimen from Skua Island. Scale bar—5 μm.</p

Chromosome spread of <i>D</i>. <i>antarctica</i> specimen from Darboux Island.

<p>Chromosome localization of 45S (green) and 5S (red) rDNA sites and inverted image of DAPI/C-banded B-chromosomes (bottom right). Arrows point to the B-chromosomes. Scale bar—5 μm.</p

Karyograms and idiograms of <i>D</i>. <i>antarctica</i> chromosomes.

<p>Karyograms after (A) Giemsa C-banding and (B) FISH with 45S (green) and 5S (red) rDNA probes (the same metaphase plate as in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0138878#pone.0138878.g001" target="_blank">Fig 1A</a>). Karyograms after (C) DAPI/C-banding (inverted image) and (D) FISH with 45S (green) and 5S (red) rDNA (the same metaphase plate as in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0138878#pone.0138878.g001" target="_blank">Fig 1B and 1C</a>). (E) Idiograms of <i>D</i>. <i>antarctica</i> showing relative sizes and positions of DAPI/C-bands (black segments), 45S (green) and 5S rDNA (red).</p

Karyotypes of <i>D</i>. <i>flexuosa</i>, <i>D</i>. <i>cespitosa</i>, <i>D</i>. <i>antarctica</i> and <i>D</i>. <i>parvula</i>.

<p>Karyograms of the metaphase plates shown in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0175760#pone.0175760.g001" target="_blank">Fig 1</a> after DAPI-banding (inverted images), FISH with 45S and 5S rDNA, and also rapid GISH with genomic DNA of <i>D</i>. <i>cespitosa</i>, <i>D</i>. <i>antarctica</i> and <i>D</i>. <i>flexuosa</i>. The correspondent probes and their pseudo-colours are specified in the left. Arrows point to chromosome translocations. B–B chromosomes.</p

The karyotypes and chromosome idiograms of species from sect. <i>Syllinum</i>.

<p>Inverted DAPI/C-banding pattern (grey). Chromosomes are numbered according to their sizes. Localization of 26S (green) and 5S (red) rDNA revealed by FISH (coloured).</p

Chromosome spreads of <i>Deschampsia</i> species.

<p>(<b>A</b>) <i>D</i>. <i>antarctica</i> (2n = 26+2B), (<b>B</b>) <i>D</i>. <i>parvula</i> (2n = 26), (<b>C</b>) <i>D</i>. <i>cespitosa</i> (2n = 26), (<b>D</b>) <i>D</i>. <i>cespitosa</i> (2n = 4x = 52), (<b>E</b>) <i>D</i>. <i>danthonioides</i> (2n = 26), (<b>F</b>) <i>D</i>. <i>elongata</i> (2n = 26+2B), (<b>G</b>) <i>D</i>. <i>sukatschewii</i> (2n = 26+M+B). Merged fluorescent images after multicolour FISH with 45S (yellow) and 5S (red) rDNA and sequential rapid GISH with both genomic DNAs: <i>D</i>. <i>cespitosa</i> (green) and <i>D</i>. <i>flexuosa</i> (purple) (<b>A, E</b>, <b>F</b> and <b>G</b>); <i>D</i>. <i>cespitosa</i> (green) and <i>D</i>. <i>antarctica</i> (purple) (<b>H</b>, <b>B</b>); <i>D</i>. <i>antarctica</i> (green) and <i>D</i>. <i>flexuosa</i> (purple) (<b>C</b>). Image after FISH with 45S (yellow) and 5S (red) rDNA (<b>D</b>). Chromosomal DAPI-staining–blue. Arrows point to the marker and B chromosomes. Scale bar—5 μm.</p

The structural similarities between different chromosome pairs.

<p>Putative homeologous chromosome pairs in karyotypes of 28-chromosomal species (A). Chromosome pairs of <i>L</i>. <i>nodiflorum</i> and 28-chromosomal species (B) similar in DAPI/C-banding pattern and localization of 26S (green) and 5S (red) rDNA.</p

AgNOR staining and localization of telomeric repeats.

<p>AgNOR staining.of metaphase chromosomes of <i>L</i>. <i>flavum</i> (A) and <i>L</i>. <i>nodiflorum</i> (C). Superposition of AgNOR (dark) and DAPI staining (blue) of the same metaphase plates (B, D). Localization of telomeric repeats (green) on metaphase plates of <i>L</i>. <i>flavum</i> (E) and <i>L</i>. <i>nodiflorum</i> (G) revealed by FISH. Inverted DAPI staining (grey) of the same metaphase plates (F, H). Arrows point to intercalary loci of telomere repeats on chromosomes 3 of <i>L</i>. <i>nodiflorum</i>. <b>B</b>—B-chromosomes. Scale bar—5 μm.</p

The UPGMA dendrogram of genomic relationships between species within sect. <i>Syllinum</i> and RAPD spectra obtained with POA10 and POY02 primers.

<p>“ind”—DNA obtained from individual plant; “sum”—bulk DNA obtained from ten individual plants.</p

Chromosome spreads of different species of sect. <i>Syllinum</i>.

<p>C-banding pattern of <i>L</i>. <i>flavum</i> (A). Metaphase plates of <i>L</i>. <i>campanulatum</i> after FISH with rDNA probes having two (B) and five (C) B-chromosomes. A metaphase plate of <i>L</i>. <i>nodiflorum</i> after FISH with rDNA probes (D). Arrows point to satellite chromosomes with co-localized 26S (green) and 5S (red) rDNA loci; arrowheads point to chromosomes with 5S rDNA loci (red). Different morphological types of B-chromosomes (E). CMA staining of prometaphase chromosomes of <i>L</i>. <i>capitatum</i> (F). Arrows point to satellite chromosomes with two bright CMA bands revealed in the heterochromatic regions adjacent to NOR. DAPI (blue) and CMA (green) staining patterns of <i>B</i>-chromosomes at different stages of methaphase (G). CMA stained interphase nuclei of <i>L</i>. <i>capitatum</i> with (H) and without (I) B-chromosomes. Arrows point to small chromocenters formed by NORs. <b>B</b>—B-chromosomes. Scale bar—5 μm.</p