A Sharp Turn toward the Market: Economic Reform in Russia (1992–1998) and Its Consequences

By analyzing and systematizing the literature accumulated over the past twenty years on the history of reforms, we can put in order the existing views on the processes that took place during these transformations and de ne a new vector in understanding the socio-economic development of Russia in the last decade of the 20th century and the rst decades of the 21st century. The rst step in this direction is the analysis of publications that re ect the preparation, progress and results of the contemporary economic reforms in the 1990s. The historiographic review includes the monographs written both by the advocates of the shock therapy, and their opponents and critics, rst of all, Members of the Russian Academy of Sciences. The study of this literature allows to reveal the spectrum of opinions on whether the shock therapy was the preferred version of transformations, on assessing the results of reforms by the end of the 1990s and the opportunities for alternative ways to make the transition from a planned to a market economy. In particular, the advocates of the «shock therapy» refer to the threat of famine and civil war to justify decisions that led to decline in output, hyperin ation and other negative trends. Their critics point out that the lack of public support caused the market reforms to fail. By acknowledging the obvious, i. e. a signi cant deterioration of economic indicators, the advocates see their success in establishing the system of market institutions, and, on this basis, insist there was no alternative to implemented version of reforms. In turn, their opponents believe that the alternatives to the «shock therapy» existed, and their distinctive feature would have been the gradual cultivation and not the forced administrative introduction of market economy institutions.This article has been prepared with the support in the form of a Grant No. 16–02–00016a from the Russian Foundation for Humanities

Dialectics of Efficient Change Management in the Regional Social Systems

The research has placed emphasis on the role of the social infrastructure sectors, providing social services, which facilitate human potential development in a modern state. Theoretical positions of the scientist considering the nature of social benefits and necessity of the government support for the social sphere has been summarized in the article. The state of the Russian social infrastructure sectors has been considered and the analysis of their performance compared to these of the social infrastructure sectors in other countries has been conducted in the research work. Taking into consideration the performance ratings of the effectiveness of the national education systems, the countries around the world concerning the effectiveness of the health system, the countries around the world concerning the social development level in 2014, the authors have proposed the conceptual approach that makes it possible to consider the correlation and interrelation of the level of the government financing of the social sphere and the dynamics of the contribution of social infrastructure sectors in the development of the human capital, ensuring the gross domestic product increase. The necessity of making innovative changes in the socio-economic systems of the social infrastructure sectors, to improve their performance, taking into account the results obtained, in the first place, in health care, has been wellgrounded and theoretical approaches to the changes management in the socio-economic systems has been studied in the article. The theoretical approaches to the changes management in the socio-economic systems have been studied by the authors. Based on the conducted studies and the formed theoretical basis for improving the level of changes management in open socio-economic systems, for the purpose of development of the theoretical and methodological approaches to changes management as applied to health care sphere, optimization model of management of health care organizations by way of ranking of manageable and unmanageable changes has been proposed. The possibility of using management optimization by way of ranking of manageable and unmanageable changes in the health care management at different levels has been confirmed with high-performance indicators at the micro-, meso- and macro levels in the sector, by the example of implementation of the national project “Health” and innovative organizational changes facilitating the return to work of patients of the working age, which are involved in the gross domestic product formation in the city of Yekaterinburg.The article has been prepared with the support of the Russian Science Foundation grant No. 14-18-00456 “Support of geoecosocioeconomic approach to development of strategic nature resources capacity of the low-studied northern territories within the investment project “Arctic — Central Asia”

Optimizing the management of financial flows based on assessment of regional multiplier effects

This article examines the issues of improving the effectiveness in the management of regional financial flows. As their main hypothesis, the authors provide a rationale for the argument that the management of regional financial flows must be optimized on the basis of multiplier economic effects that allow to better assess the performance of regional socio-economic policy. The article presents a multifactor model for managing the financial flows at the regional level, or the matrix of financial flows based on the principles of general economic equilibrium theory, Input—Output balancing method and methodology of national accounts system. The consolidated budgetary balance sheet of the region is presented as an important structural element of the model. A methodology has been developed for integrating the consolidated budgetary balance sheet of the region in the matrix of financial flows. By using the example of individual subjects of the Russian Federation, the authors calculated the matrix multipliers of consolidated budgetary balance sheet that allow to simulate the multiplier economic effects resulting from the impact of different types of exogenous economic factors on the development of regions, and to forecast the impact of changes in the fiscal reallocation on GRP and household income, assess the impact of external investment on the economic growth of the regions and study the effectiveness of federal tax policy at the regional level. The article demonstrates that the value of multiplier effect depends on several factors, including the external trade relations of the region, its dependence on imports, the share of value added in gross output, as well as the propensity of households to savings. The approach proposed by the authors can be used by the government authorities at different levels in the development of their strategies of socio-economic development, assessment of the extent and areas of impact made by various exogenous factors on the economy of the region, as well as in the analysis of the investment initiatives of the private sector seeking the financial support for its projects from the state. The authors propose the areas for improving the management of financial flows based on maximizing the multiplier economic effects in the short and medium term for the regions with a different level of fiscal capacity.The article has been prepared with the support of the Grant of the Russian Foundation for Humanities (project №15–02–00587)

Methodological Toolkit for Assessing the Investment Attractiveness of Renewable Resources in Northern and Arctic Territories

This article examines a pressing issue of assessing the investment attractiveness of renewable resources in underdeveloped Northern and Arctic territories that have a huge untapped natural resource potential. The subject of the study is the economic interactions that occur during the development of natural resource potential. The goal of this study is to develop the methodological toolkit for assessing the investment attractiveness for businesses and government authorities at various levels. At the pre-investment stage of development projects, we identified typical landscapes for zoning of the territory and assessed them for each type of renewable natural resources. Based on an analysis of existing approaches to natural resource zoning, the authors propose to identify three types of landscapes, including those that are attractive in terms of investment, those that are attractive in terms of investment with certain limitations, and those that are unattractive for investment. The study has confirmed the hypothesis that the selection of the most valuable natural resources expands the opportunities for their economic use. The investment attractiveness is determined by favorable geographical location, development of regional infrastructure, natural potential viewed as a priority object. The authors have provided the rationale for the need to valuate the natural resource potential of landscape areas within the boundaries of an assessed territory for the purposes of their ranking based on establishing the investment attractiveness. The limitations may be imposed by the low level of infrastructure development prerequisites, insufficient sustainability of landscapes to anthropogenic influences, export of raw materials for processing outside the territory, etc. The authors have substantiated the list of conditions that require the introduction of correction coefficients to the value indicators of natural resource potential in landscape areas. The main findings of the study are presented in the form of landscape zoning of the territory and methodological toolkit for assessing the investment attractiveness tested in Berezovsky Municipal District of Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug—Yugra.The article has been prepared under the Grant No. 14–18–00456 "Substantiating the Geo-Eco-Socio-Economic Approach to the Development of Strategic Natural Resource Potential of Northern Understudied Territories as Part of The Arctic—Central Asia Investment Project " provided by the Russian Science Foundation

On the Question about the Method of Determining the Resistivity of Unconsolidated Soils in Laboratory Conditions

Рассматриваются пути развития методики определения удельного электрического сопротивления (УЭС) дисперсных грунтов, позволяющей оперативно выполнять измерения на образцах произвольных размеров без нарушения их герметичности. С помощью численного и физического моделирования исследована зависимость величины измеряемого УЭС от геометрических параметров образца. Выполнено опробование методики для дисперсных грунтов Приволжского и Северо-Западного федеральных округов.The authors present the description of methods developed for determining resistivity of unconsolidated soils, which allow making the measurements quickly, in a nondestructive manner, and independent on the samples size. With use of numerical and physical modeling, authors investigated the dependence of the measured resistivity on the geometric parameters of soil sample. The method has proved to be successful for study of unconsolidated soils from the Privolzhsky Federal District and North-West Federal District areas

Inclusive technological development as a new element of techno-economic paradigm

В статье развиваются основные положения теории технико-экономических парадигм и технологических укладов, вводится новое понятие «инклюзивное технологическое развитие», подразумевающее вовлечение в вектор технологического развития среднетехнологичных отраслей и различных типов регионов. Авторы выделяют предпосылки структурной технологической инклюзии, связанные с конвергенцией технологий и высоким потенциалом развития среднетехнологичных отраслей. Статья подготовлена при поддержке гранта РФФИ № 16-06-00403 «Моделирование мотивационных потенциалов мультисубъектной промышленной политики в условиях новой индустриализации».The article develops the main principles of the theory of techno-economic paradigms and technological modes, introduces a new term «inclusive technological development», implying the inclusion in the vector of technological development medium technology industries and different types of regions. The authors identify the preconditions for the structural inclusion including convergence of technologies and potential of medium technology industries. This article was prepared with the support of RFBR grant № 16-06-00403 «Modeling of motivational potentials multi-subject industrial policy in the conditions of new industrialization».Статья подготовлена при поддержке гранта РФФИ № 16-06-00403 «Моделирование мотивационных потенциалов мультисубъектной промышленной политики в условиях новой индустриализации»

Карстоопасность территории архитектурно-этнографического музея «Хохловка»

Exogenous geologic processes (EGP) on the territory of Perm Krai have a wide development. In this list, karst occupies a special position, as this process is widespread and, in addition, can serve as a catalyst for associated hazardous geological processes. At the request of the management of the State Regional Budgetary Cultural Institution "Perm Regional Museum of History" the authors conducted a reconnaissance survey of karst occurrences in the territory of the architectural and ethnographic museum "Khokhlovka" to assess the geological risks and to ensure the safe operation of cultural heritage object, non-capital structures and engineering facilities. This article presents the results of preliminary assessment of karst hazard of the territory, based on the analysis of stock materials, remote sensing data and field reconnaissance survey.Экзогенные геологические процессы (ЭГП) на территории Пермского края имеют широкое развитие. В этом перечне карст занимает особое положение, так как этот процесс имеет широкое распространение и, кроме того, может служить катализатором сопутствующих опасных геологических процессов. По просьбе руководства Государственного краевого бюджетного учреждения культуры «Пермский краеведческий музей» авторами проведено рекогносцировочное обследование карстопроявлений территории архитектурно-этнографического музея «Хохловка» для оценки геологических рисков и обеспечения безопасной эксплуатации объектов культурного наследия, некапитальных сооружений и инженерных объектов. В данной статье приводятся результаты предварительной оценки карстоопасности территории, выполненные на основе анализа фондовых материалов, данных дистанционного зондирования Земли и полевого рекогносцировочного обследования

Broadband optical properties of monolayer and bulk MoS2

Layered semiconductors such as transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) offer endless possibilities for designing modern photonic and optoelectronic components. However, their optical engineering is still a challenging task owing to multiple obstacles, including the absence of a rapid, contactless, and the reliable method to obtain their dielectric function as well as to evaluate in situ the changes in optical constants and exciton binding energies. Here, we present an advanced approach based on ellipsometry measurements for retrieval of dielectric functions and the excitonic properties of both monolayer and bulk TMDs. Using this method, we conduct a detailed study of monolayer MoS2 and its bulk crystal in the broad spectral range (290–3300 nm). In the near- and mid-infrared ranges, both configurations appear to have no optical absorption and possess an extremely high dielectric permittivity making them favorable for lossless subwavelength photonics. In addition, the proposed approach opens a possibility to observe a previously unreported peak in the dielectric function of monolayer MoS2 induced by the use of perylene-3,4,9,10-tetracarboxylic acid tetrapotassium salt (PTAS) seeding promoters for MoS2 synthesis and thus enables its applications in chemical and biological sensing. Therefore, this technique as a whole offers a state-of-the-art metrological tool for next-generation TMD-based devices

Polarization Properties of Low Energy Amplitude for πN→ππN\pi N \to \pi \pi N Reaction

The theoretical study of cross sections for polarized--target measurements of $\pi N \to \pi \pi N$ reactions gives evidence that the interplay between the strong contribution from OPE mechanism and the one from isobar exchanges, which is equally strong within isobar half--widths energy region, must result in nontrivial polarization phenomena. The Monte--Carlo simulations for asymmetries in $\pi^{-} p^{\uparrow} \to \pi^{-} \pi^{+} n$ reaction at $P_{Lab} = 360$~MeV/c with the use of theoretical amplitudes found as solutions for unpolarized data at $P_{Lab} < 500$~MeV/c provide confirmations for significant effect. The effect is capable to discriminate between the OPE and isobar exchanges and it is sensitive to the OPE parameters in question. This leads to the conclusion that the decisive $\pi N \to \pi \pi N$ analysis, aiming at determination of $\pi \pi$--scattering lengths, must combine both unpolarized data and polarization information. The appropriate measurements are shown to be feasible at the already existing CHAOS spectrometer.Comment: 24 pages, Latex, 6 Postscript figures, uses epsf.st