Dynamic Economic Transition of Bangladesh in the Philosophy of Karl Marx: A Searching Analysis

This article holistically attempts to evaluate the economic environment of Bangladesh in a dynamic way and endeavor to forecast the risks and challenges and way out from its socio-economic anomalies in near future. For analysis and investigation, primarily the secondary data sources are used for reaching the critical juncture. It is historically evident that Bangladesh has been faced with diverse economic and political doctrines since its inception. The volatility and uncertainty of its socio-economic philosophy made Bangladesh suffer a lot. It is observed that the socialistic economic system with the democratic rule was preceded by a mixed economic system with autocracy and ultimately capitalistic economic system with so called democratic rule in Bangladesh. The present capitalistic nature of Bangladesh's economy has both positive and negative flanks. Globalization, international trade, economic growth and creation of wealth can be marked as the commendable part. On the contrary, economic inefficiency, inequality, the emergence of the proletariat and capitalistic class, presence of exploitation, mismanagement and incompatibility of various policies, incredible and non-transparent financial sector are the challenging part. The most frightening fact is that vulnerability and fragility, absorbing and tackling incapability of both internal and external economic shocks by Bangladesh economy signal the weakest side of capitalism of the country. Here, the entire analysis based on the perspective of Bangladesh can be regarded as its limitation. Last but not the least, it concluded that only a proper and timely thoughtful action with an impeccably structured economy may find the escape of such dangers. To end, this paper concludes with possible policy recommendations. Keywords: Economic Systems, Karl Marx, Bangladesh and its Economic Transition, Class Conflict and Final Crisis of Capitalism in Bangladesh. DOI: 10.7176/RHSS/10-16-07 Publication date:August 31st 202

Probiotic Characteristics of Pediococcus pentosaceus and Apilactobacillus kunkeei Strains: The lactic Acid Bacteria Isolated from Bangladeshi Natural Honey

Background and Objective: Lactic acid bacteria are known for their strong probiotic effects on the hosts. The probiotic characterization of lactic acid bacteria from Bangladeshi natural honey is limited. The objectives of this study included isolation and assessment of the probiotic and safety characteristics of lactic acid bacteria in Bangladeshi honey. Materials and Methods: Spread and streak plate techniques were used for the bacterial isolation and purification. Isolates were identified using 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. Agar well diffusion and poisoned food methods were used for antibacterial and antifungal assessments, respectively. Antioxidant activity was carried out based on the microbial free-radical scavenging ability. Microbial autoaggregation, coaggregation and adhesion were assessed using cell sedimentation assay. Blood-agar was used in the hemolytic assay. Antibiotic susceptibility assay was carried out using disc diffusion method. Results and Conclusion: From a total of 25 strains isolated from honey, ten Gram-positive, catalase-negative non-spore-forming isolates were selected and used in agar well diffusion assay. Three of the isolates showed prominent antimicrobial effects with large inhibition zones against all the pathogenic strains, including Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, Vibrio cholerae, Salmonella typhi and Candida albicans. Extensive characterization of these isolates was carried out, which revealed their growth and biochemical characteristics and carbohydrate fermentation abilities. Moreover, 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis suggested that the isolates belonged to Pediococcus pentosaceus (two strains) and Apilactobacillus kunkeei. Their tolerance to simulated gastric conditions was assessed in vitro wherein the isolates showed significant survival in low pH, bile salts and phenol. They showed good adhesion ability to ethyl acetate, chloroform and xylene as well as high autoaggregation and coaggregation characteristics. Moreover, free-radical scavenging activity of the isolates suggested the presence of considerable antioxidant effects. In safety assessment, the isolates did not show hemolytic activities and were resistant to several antibiotics. Therefore, these results indicate that honey can be an important source of beneficial lactic acid bacteria species providing several probiotic advantages. Conflict of interest: The authors declare no conflict of interes

4-Phenyl­semicarbazide

The title compound, C7H9N3O, crystallizes with two independent mol­ecules per asymmetric unit. The structure is stabilized by four distinct inter­molecular N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds. Four intra­molecular inter­actions of the N—H⋯N and C—H⋯O types are also observed

2-Methoxy­benzohydrazide

The title compound, C8H10N2O2, crystallizes as two independent mol­ecules linked by N—H⋯N and N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds into a linear chain running along the a axis of the monoclinic unit cell. The intra- and inter­molecular hydrogen bonds are described as a two-ring R 2 2(10) motif. The six-membered R 1 1(6) rings formed by the intra­molecular inter­actions are almost planar (r.m.s. deviations 0.06 and 0.08 Å). In one mol­ecule, the aromatic and hydrogen-bonded rings are oriented at 4.8 (2)°, whereas in the other mol­ecule these rings are oriented at 6.1 (4)°

4-Iodo­benzohydrazide

In the structure of the title compound, C7H7IN2O, the hydrazide group is inclined at 13.3 (3)° with respect to the benzene ring. The structure is stabilized by inter­molecular N—H⋯N and N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds involving the hydrazide group, resulting in six- and ten-membered rings with R 2 2(6) and R 2 2(10) graph-set notations, respectively

1-(5-Hydr­oxy-3-methyl-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)ethanone: a new monoclinic polymorph

The title compound, C12H12N2O2, crystallized in the monolinic space group P21/n, with two independent mol­ecules (A and B) in the asymmetric unit. This is in contrast to the first monoclinic polymorph reported [Cingolani et al. (2002 ▶). Inorg. Chem. 41, 1151–116], which crystallized in the space group C2/c with one independent mol­ecule per asymmetric unit. The dihedral angles between the two rings differ slightly; in mol­ecule A it is 4.90 (11)° and in mol­ecule B it is 16.05 (13)°. In both mol­ecules, there is an intra­molecular O—H⋯O hydrogen bond involving the hydroxyl substituent and the carbonyl O atom of the adjacent acetyl group. In the crystal structure, mol­ecules A and B are linked via a C—H⋯N inter­action. There are also some weak C—H⋯π inter­actions involving the phenyl ring of mol­ecule A and H atoms of the acetyl groups of both mol­ecules

Reactions of Rhenium and Manganese Carbonyl Complexes with 1,8-bis(diphenylphosphino)naphthalene: Ligand Chelation, C–H and C–P bond-cleavage Reactions

Reaction of [Re2(CO)8(MeCN)2] with 1,8-bis(diphenylphosphino)naphthalene (dppn) afforded three mono-rhenium complexes fac-[Re(CO)3(κ1:η1-PPh2C10H6)(PPh2H)] (1), fac-[Re(CO)3{κ1:κ1:η1-(O)PPh2C10H6(O)PPh(C6H4)}] (2) and fac-[ReCl(CO)3(κ2-PPh2C10H6PPh2)] (3). Compounds 1–3 are formed by Re–Re bond cleavage and P–C and C–H bond activation of the dppn ligand. Each of these three complexes have three CO groups arranged in facial fashion. Compound 1 contains a chelating cyclometalated diphenylnaphthylphosphine ligand and a terminally coordinated PPh2H ligand. Compound 2 consists of an orthometalated dppn-dioxide ligand coordinated in a κ1:κ1:η1-fashion via both the oxygen atoms and ortho-carbon atom of one of the phenyl rings. Compound 3 consists of an unchanged chelating dppn ligand and a terminal Cl ligand. Treatment of [Mn2(CO)8(MeCN)2] with a slight excess of dppn in refluxing toluene at 72 °C, gave the previously reported [Mn2(CO)8(μ-PPh2)2] (4), formed by cleavage of C–P bonds, and the new compound fac-[MnCl(CO)3(κ2-PPh2C10H6PPh2)] (5), which has an unaltered chelating dppn and a terminal Cl ligand. In sharp contrast, reaction of [Mn2(CO)8(MeCN)2] with slight excess of dppn at room temperature yielded the dimanganese [Mn2(CO)9{κ1-PPh2(C10H7)}] (6) in which the diphenylnaphthylphosphine ligand, formed by facile cleavage of one of the P–C bonds, is axially coordinated to one Mn atom. Compound 6 was also obtained from the reaction of [Mn2(CO)9(MeCN)] with dppn at room temperature. The XRD structures of complexes 1–3, 5, 6 are reported

Ethyl 1-acetyl-1H-indole-3-carboxyl­ate

The title compound, C13H13NO3, was synthesized by acetyl­ation of ethyl 1H-indole-3-carboxyl­ate. The aromatic ring system of the mol­ecule is essentially planar, but the saturated ethyl group is also located within this plane and the overall r.m.s. deviation from planarity is only 0.034 Å. Pairs of C—H⋯O inter­actions connect mol­ecules into chains along the diagonal of the unit cell. Mol­ecules also form weakly connected dimers via π⋯π stacking inter­actions of the indole rings with centroid–centroid separations of 3.571 (1) Å. C—H⋯π inter­actions between methyl­ene and methyl groups and the indole and benzene ring complete the directional inter­molecular inter­actions found in the crystal structure

4-Hydroxy­benzohydrazide

In the title compound, C7H8N2O2, the mean planes of the benzene ring and the planar hydrazide group are inclined at 25.75 (6)° with respect to each other. The structure is stabilized by inter­molecular N—H⋯O and O—H⋯N hydrogen bonds