ENVIRONMENTAL-DAMAGE DUE TO THERMAL POWER-GENERATION IN TURKIYE

Electricity generation and its present importance in the economic development of Turkiye are described. Air-pollutant emissions due to power generation and their harmful effects on the environment, as well as costs due to fossil-fuel utilization, are estimated

ECONOMICS OF BIOGAS SPACE HEATING-SYSTEMS IN RURAL TURKEY

Biogas systems are considered to be strong alternatives to the traditional space heating systems (stoves) in rural Turkey. The economics of biogas systems are compared with traditional heating systems fuelled by wood, coal and wood mixture, and dried animal waste in three different climatic regions in the country. The technical data used in the analysis are based on the experimental results. Seven different comparisons are made between the biogas and traditional systems. The payback periods, cumulated life-cycle savings and the cost of biogas are calculated for a wide range using two unstable economic parameters, discount and inflation rates. The quality of the model and the assumptions are discussed. The results provide evidence of the economic viability of biogas systems over the traditional space heating systems of rural Turkey in many instances

ENERGY PORTRAIT OF TURKEY - ACHIEVABLE SAVINGS THROUGH RENEWABLE ENERGIES AND CONSERVATION TECHNOLOGIES

This article begins with a brief review of the socioeconomic situation, energy resources, and energy consumptions in Turkey. The estimates for the sustainability years of fossil fuels and the potential of renewable energies are given. Hydropower, biomass, geothermal, solar, wind, wave, sea currents, and salt gradient are, in order of priority, listed among the renewable energy resources of the country. The importance of energy conservation is discussed in conjunction with the research results produced for the conditions of the country. For the reference year 1989, potentials for energy savings are estimated in the residental, industrial, transport, and power sectors. The validity of the findings is discussed. Air pollution levels due to fossil-fuel consumption are pointed out. In this context, the role of renewables is indicated. The economics of solar and biogas heating systems are reviewed. The article concludes with a discussion of research gaps in national energy planning. Exploitation and management of indigenous fossil fuels, efficient utilization of energy, application of renewable energy systems, and implementation of environmental regulations are listed among the main topics

INDUSTRIAL ENERGY-CONSUMPTION PATTERNS AND POSSIBLE SAVINGS IN TURKEY

Quantitative information on industrial energy consumption patterns in different industrial sectors of Turkiye has been analyzed. The more important energy-conservation opportunities in the heavy energy-consuming industrial activities have been identified. Considerable savings potentials exist through the application of short-term measures involving existing technology. The technological potential for conservation in industrial activities is reviewed

HIDDEN POWER OF WATER IN TURKIYE

The energy densities for salinity gradients at river mouths, salt-gradient solar ponds, and sea currents at the Straits are identified as future energy resources in Turkiye. Constraints and prospects are briefly discussed for development of these resources

A METHOD FOR TECHNICAL ECONOMIC-ANALYSIS OF SOLAR HEATING-SYSTEMS

The necessity for technical-economic analysis of solar energy systems is obvious when assessing their feasibility vis-á-vis conventional alternative systems. Optimum magnitudes of the installation parameters should be defined under the required economic conditions. In this study, the optimization procedure was chosen so as to maximize the total accumulated saving throughout the economic lifetime of the system. The annual solar heating fraction of the system is assessed using the f-chart method which can be used for both domestic hot water and space heating. The saving produced by investing in a solar installation is obtained by taking the difference between the total discounted expenditures of the conventional and the solar systems, accumulated during their foreseen lifetimes. To this end, the present value method is applied, taking into account the initial investment costs, fuel costs, operation costs and the maintenance costs for both the solar system and its conventional alternative. Based on this technical-economic analysis, a computer program is developed. This accepts three types of input data: technical design, economic parameters and meteorological conditions, and calculates the optimum magnitudes of the design parameters. It is concluded that economic parameters are much more influential on the system economics than the technical parameters. The most significant are the payback period and the internal rate of return

AN IMPROVED CORRELATION FOR ESTIMATING SOLAR-RADIATION FROM BRIGHT SUNSHINE DATA FOR TURKEY

The following quadratic equation was previously developed to estimate the monthly average solar radiation in any place in Turkey: = a + b tc {sup 2} where is the ratio of the monthly averages of the bright sunshine to the length of the day, a and b are constants that depend on location. The measured solar radiation and bright sunshine data from two stations, totalling 1842 days, were used to evaluate the constants. In 1982 the State Meteorological Office of Turkey started solar radiation measurements in six climatologically different regions with Epply precision pyranometers. The duration of sunshine has also been recorded in the same locations with Campbell-Stokes type instruments since 1966. However, the solar radiation measurement program was later abandoned due to systematic measurement errors observed in the instruments. We have checked these data and have taken only those from reliable months. In this study, we have used the data to improve the value of regression coefficients of the equation

A water-trickle solar collector

A trapezoidally corrugated aluminium water-trickle solar collector was constructed and tested under the climatic conditions of Ankara, Turkey (39° 57'N, 32° 53'E). Experimental thermal efficiency curves were constructed for both closed- and open-hole cases. For the open-hole case, a theoretical performance model was developed, which calculates iteratively the energy flows and temperature distributions. Effects of mass flow rate, ambient temperature, solar radiation intensity, and wind velocity on the calculated efficiency of the collector were studied. The major findings were discussed and the problems associated with the design and operation of the system were pointed out.

Domestic energy supply and demand in Southwest Asia and Northern Africa

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