The performance of four molecular methods for the laboratory diagnosis of congenital toxoplasmosis in amniotic fluid samples

Introduction\ud Toxoplasmosis may be life-threatening in fetuses and in immune-deficient patients. Conventional laboratory diagnosis of toxoplasmosis is based on the presence of IgM and IgG anti-Toxoplasma gondii antibodies; however, molecular techniques have emerged as alternative tools due to their increased sensitivity. The aim of this study was to compare the performance of 4 PCR-based methods for the laboratory diagnosis of toxoplasmosis. One hundred pregnant women who seroconverted during pregnancy were included in the study. The definition of cases was based on a 12-month follow-up of the infants.\ud \ud Methods\ud Amniotic fluid samples were submitted to DNA extraction and amplification by the following 4 Toxoplasma techniques performed with parasite B1 gene primers: conventional PCR, nested-PCR, multiplex-nested-PCR, and real-time PCR. Seven parameters were analyzed, sensitivity (Se), specificity (Sp), positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), positive likelihood ratio (PLR), negative likelihood ratio (NLR) and efficiency (Ef).\ud \ud Results\ud Fifty-nine of the 100 infants had toxoplasmosis; 42 (71.2%) had IgM antibodies at birth but were asymptomatic, and the remaining 17 cases had non-detectable IgM antibodies but high IgG antibody titers that were associated with retinochoroiditis in 8 (13.5%) cases, abnormal cranial ultrasound in 5 (8.5%) cases, and signs/symptoms suggestive of infection in 4 (6.8%) cases. The conventional PCR assay detected 50 cases (9 false-negatives), nested-PCR detected 58 cases (1 false-negative and 4 false-positives), multiplex-nested-PCR detected 57 cases (2 false-negatives), and real-time-PCR detected 58 cases (1 false-negative).\ud \ud Conclusions\ud The real-time PCR assay was the best-performing technique based on the parameters of Se (98.3%), Sp (100%), PPV (100%), NPV (97.6%), PLR (â^ž), NLR (0.017), and Ef (99%).This work was supported by FAPESP (Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo; grant number 2010/15022-1), as well as by CNPq (Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico; grant number 2011-0/471479)

Study of parasite load and genotypes of Toxoplasma gondii in congenital toxoplasmosis

O genótipo e a carga parasitária constituem dois dos principais fatores associados à patogênese na toxoplasmose congênita. Na Europa e nos EUA, o genótipo II é o mais prevalente em infecções congênitas, enquanto que na América do Sul existem evidências apontando uma maior frequência de genótipos atípicos ou recombinantes, associados a casos mais graves. A carga parasitária também parece atuar como fator de risco independente associado ao prognóstico fetal. Os objetivos do estudo foram padronizar uma amplificação quantitativa (qPCR) com iniciadores do gene B1 para avaliar a carga parasitária; determinar o genótipo parasitário por multiplex-nested-PCR-RFLP dos marcadores 5\'-SAG2, 3\'-SAG2, SAG3 e GRA6, seguido de sequenciamento para confirmação da RFLP e análise de mutações; e verificar se existiria associação entre a carga parasitária e os genótipos parasitários nas mesmas gestações. Foram analisadas 76 amostras de líquido amniótico de gestações com toxoplasmose e 31 amostras controle. A qPCR apresentou LOD de 10 parasitos/mL, detectou as 76 amostras de estudo e nenhum controle. As cargas parasitárias variaram de 222 a 808.328 parasitos/mL. Houve duas amostras com valores acima de 104 parasitos/mL, apesar de todas as gestantes serem tratadas. Na genotipagem, SAG3 amplificou 55 amostras (54 tipo III e uma tipo II); 5\' e 3\'-SAG2 amplificaram 54 amostras (todas tipo I), e GRA6, amplificou 20 amostras (todas tipo III). A única amostra com genótipo parasitário SAG3-tipo II foi a que apresentou mais mutações (n=4), carga parasitária de 958 parasitos/mL, porém o recém-nascido foi assintomático. Houve diferença do número de amostras amplificadas por SAG3, e 5\' e 3\'-SAG2 em relação a GRA6 (McNemar, p<0,001). Os sequenciamentos confirmaram 100% dos resultados de RFLP, e foram encontradas 24 amostras com e 52 sem mutações, não existindo diferenças entre as cargas parasitárias dos dois grupos (Mann-Whitney, p= 0,085). Mais de uma mutação foi observada em cinco amostras. Foram detectadas 37 mutações no estudo: 26 heterozigotas/sinônimas e 11 homozigotas/sinônimas, não havendo regiões hot spot. Quanto à correlação clínico-laboratorial, dos 76 recém-nascidos, todos apresentaram IgM positiva ao nascimento, e 75 eram assintomáticos. O único recém-nascido sintomático apresentava tríade de Sabin e uma das duas cargas parasitárias mais elevadas do estudo (309.574 parasitos/mL), porém o genótipo não foi discriminante e não havia mutações. A outra amostra com carga parasitária acima de 104 parasitos/mL pertencia a recém-nascido assintomático, com genótipo não discriminante, e sem mutações. O estudo concluiu que a técnica de Real Time PCR (qPCR) foi padronizada com sucesso, usando os iniciadores B22 e B23 do gene B1 do parasito, podendo ser empregada na rotina diagnóstica. Além disso, foi possível realizar a genotipagem das amostras incluídas no estudo, com melhor desempenho de SAG3 e 5\' e 3\'-SAG2. O sequenciamento confirmou a confiabilidade da técnica de RFLP, e encontrou frequência elevada de mutações, todas sinônimas, sem regiões hot spot, e aparentemente sem associação com a carga parasitária. Houve elevada variabilidade das cargas parasitárias, porém grande homogeneidade dos genótipos parasitários, não tendo sido observada associação entre a carga parasitária e os genótipos de T. gondii no estudo.The genotype and the parasite load are two of the main factors associated with pathogenesis in congenital toxoplasmosis. In Europe and the USA, genotype II is the most prevalent in congenital infections, while in South America there is evidence pointing to a higher frequency of atypical or recombinant genotypes associated with more severe cases. The parasite load also appears to act as an independent risk factor associated with fetal prognosis. The study objectives were to standardize a quantitative amplification (qPCR) with B1 gene primers to assess the parasite load; determine the genotype by multiplex-nested-PCR-RFLP of 5\' and 3\'-SAG2, SAG3 and GRA6 markers, followed by sequencing to confirm RFLP and analyze mutations, verifying whether there is association between parasite load and parasite genotypes in the same pregnancies. We analyzed 76 amniotic fluid samples from pregnancies with toxoplasmosis and 31 controls. The qPCR presented LOD of 10 parasites/mL, detected the 76 study samples and no control. Parasite loads ranged from 222 to 808,328 parasites/mL. There were two samples with values above 104 parasites/mL, despite all pregnant women be treated. In genotyping, SAG3 amplified 55 samples (54 type III and 1 type II); 5 \'and 3\'-SAG2 amplified 54 samples (all type I); and GRA6, amplified 20 samples (all type III). The only sample with genotype SAG3-type II showed the highest number of mutations (n=4), parasite load of 958 parasites/mL, but the newborn was asymptomatic. There were differences in the number of samples amplified by SAG3, and 5 \'and 3\'-SAG2 over GRA6 (McNemar test, p <0.001). Sequencing confirmed 100% of the RFLP results; and found 24 samples with and 52 without mutations, with no difference between the parasite load of these two groups (Mann-Whitney, p= 0.085). More than one mutation was observed in five samples. A total of 37 mutations were detected in this study: 26 heterozygotes/synonymous and 11 homozygous/synonyms, with no hot spot regions. Regarding the clinical-laboratory correlation, among the 76 newborns, all showed positive IgM at birth, and 75 were asymptomatic. The only symptomatic newborn presented the Sabin\'s triad and one of the two higher parasite loads in the study (309,574 parasites/mL). However, the genotype was not discriminant and no mutations were detected. The other sample with parasite load above 104 parasites/mL belonged to an asymptomatic newborn with a non-discriminating genotype, and no mutations. The study concluded that the Real Time PCR (qPCR) was successfully developed with primers B22 and B23 of the parasite B1 gene, and can be used in routine practice. Moreover, it was possible to perform the samples genotyping, with better performance of SAG3 and 5 \'and 3\'-SAG2. Sequencing results confirmed the RFLP reliability, and found a high frequency of mutations, all synonymous, with no hot spot regions, and apparently not associated with the parasite load. There was a high variability in parasite load, however great homogeneity of parasite genotypes, with no association between the parasite load and T. gondii genotypes in the study