Number of larvae in different thirds of the canopy over time.

<p>Number of larvae in the first (L1), second (L2), third (L3) and fourth (L4) instars of <i>Tuta absoluta</i> on the leaves in the apical, middle and basal thirds of the canopy and fruit of plants in the (A) vegetative (B) reproductive stages. All fitted models were significant by F test (p <0.05).</p

Net reproductive rate in relation to the plant part where the larvae fed.

<p>Net reproductive rate in relation to the plant part where the larvae fed.</p

Pupation sites of <i>Tuta absoluta</i> on plants in the vegetative and reproductive stages.

<p>Histograms followed by the same letter have means that do not differ among themselves by Tukey’s test (p <0.05).</p

Females preferred leaf sites for oviposition.

<p>The number of the eggs (mean ± standard error) of <i>Tuta absoluta</i> in the petiole and on the sides of leaves (adaxial and abaxial) in the (A) apical, (B) middle and (C) basal thirds of the plant canopy in the vegetative and reproductive stages. Histograms followed by the same letter have means which do not differ among themselves by Tukey’s test (p <0.05).</p

Oviposition of <i>Tuta absoluta</i> in relation to the leaf position on the plant canopy.

<p>Plants in the (A) vegetative and (B) reproductive stages. On the x-axis: 0 = not expanded leaf at stem apex, 1 = apical-most leaf fully expanded and showing a higher number (12 in Fig 3A and 21 in Fig 3B) = most basal plant leaf.</p

Influence of the plant part on net reproductive rate.

<p>The net reproductive rate (R₀) of <i>Tuta absoluta</i> depends on the plant part on which the larvae fed. Histograms followed by the same letter have means that do not differ among themselves by Tukey’s test (p <0.05).</p

(A) Survival curves under starvation and (B) walking speed of the different larval instars.

<p>Fig A represents the survival curves of different <i>Tuta absoluta</i> instars with no food supply (non-parametric procedure LIFETEST). In Fig B, histograms followed by the same letter have means that do not differ among themselves by Tukey’s test (p <0.05).</p

Response curves of the best predictors of <i>C</i>. <i>fimbriata</i> in the best model.

<p>(A) mean annual temperature (bio1; °C), (B) precipitation of coldest quarter (bio19; mm), (C) precipitation seasonality (Coefficient of variation; bio15), and (D) precipitation of driest month (bio14; mm). Red lines are the mean response curves and blue margins are ± Standard Deviation calculated over 10 replicates.</p

Global known occurrences of Mango Sudden Decline disease caused by <i>C</i>. <i>fimbriata</i> in mango trees.

<p>Global known occurrences of Mango Sudden Decline disease caused by <i>C</i>. <i>fimbriata</i> in mango trees.</p

Mango Sudden Decline disease.

<p>(A) Eggs, larvae and adult female of the vector mango bark beetle, <i>Hypocryphalus mangiferae</i>, in an opened gallery. Inset shows an enlarged picture of the adult beetle, (B) Hyphae and perithecium with sticky ascospore masses of <i>Ceratocystis fimbriata</i>, (C) Section of a mango trunk showing the typical xylem discoloration caused by the fungal infection; entry and exit holes made by beetles on the surface of the bark (enlarged image in bottom left corner), and (D) A mango tree killed by Mango Sudden Decline disease.</p