A MECHANISM OF ATTENTION IN HEARING : COMPUTER SIMULATION AND EXPERIMENTS

On présente un modèle du mécanisme de l'"attention" à l'audition binaurale avec les données expérimentales pour une vérification des prédictions de cet modèle.A model of "attention" mechanism in binaural hearing is presented together with experimental data gained to verify for predictions of a model

INFORMATION CRITERIA FOR A SOUND SOURCE LOCALIZATION BY HUMAN

Une mesure informatique est proposé pour l'analyse de l'efficacité de localisation de la source sonore par l'homme. En partant de cette mesure on examine l'influence sur l'efficacité du rapport signal/bruit, de la durée de l'observation et de la largeur de la bande de l'analyse fréquentielle, ainsi que l'influence d'une source locale de perturbations.Some information measure is suggested for analysis of sound source localization efficiency by human. Using this measure the influence of signal-noise ratio, observation time and frequency analysis bandwidth was studied, as well as presence of local source of interference

The fundus changes in pathological myopia

The article presents a literature review covering formation of views and the modern aspects of the etiology and pathogenesis of pathological myopia, which is one of the main causes of visual impairment and blindness worldwide. The article analyzes the data obtained on the basis of modern imaging technologies, such as optical coherence tomography, three-dimensional magnetic resonance imaging, which significantly deepened our understanding of an eye complications associated with high myopia. Nevertheless, information about the causes of the development of these lesions is clearly not enough, which makes it difficult to elaborate therapeutic measures to reduce or prevent the development of these complications. Despite recent advances in the treatment of choroidal neovascularization by administering drugs that block vascular endothelial growth factor and achievement of vitreoretinal surgery in vitreomacular traction syndrome, most of the complications of pathological myopia, such as macular atrophy, chorioretinal atrophy, and optic neuropathy, remain incurable.&nbsp; A detailed analysis of the results of research by various authors showed that many factors affect the development of pathological myopia: biomechanical, biochemical, morphological, hemodynamic. These factors are key to the elaboration of methods for predicting and preventing the development of pathological myopia.&nbsp; Keywords: pathological myopia, myopic maculopathy, posterior staphyloma, macular choroidal neovascularization.&nbsp; For citation: Markosian G.A., Tarutta E.P., Tarasova N.A., Maximova M.V. The fundus changes in pathological myopia. Russian Journal of Clinical Ophthalmology. 2019;19(2):99–104.&nbsp; About the authors: Gayane A. Markosian — MD, PhD, Leading Researcher of Department of Refractive Pathology, ORCID iD 0000-0002-2841-6396; Elena P. Tarutta — MD, PhD, Professor, Head of the Department of Refractive Pathology, ORCID iD 0000-0002-8864-4518; Natalia A. Tarasova — MD, PhD, Senior Researcher of the Department of Refractive Pathology, ORCID iD 0000-0002-3164-4306;&nbsp; Marina V. Maksimova — Researcher of the Department of Refractive Pathology, ORCID iD 0000-0002-3749-3668. Moscow Helmholtz Research Institute of Eye Diseases. 14/19, Sadovaya-Chernograyazskaya str., Moscow, 105062, Russian Federation. Contact information:&nbsp;Natalia A. Tarasova, e-mail:&nbsp;[email protected].&nbsp;Financial Disclosure:&nbsp;no author has a financial or property interest in any material or method mentioned. There is no&nbsp;conflict of interests. Received&nbsp;14.11.2018. </p

Eradication of HCV infection in patients with liver cirrhosis: Factor of cancer prevention or carcinogenesis? [ЭРАДИКАЦИЯ HCV-ИНФЕКЦИИ НА СТАДИИ ЦИРРОЗА ПЕЧЕНИ: ФАКТОР КАНЦЕРОПРЕВЕНЦИИ ИЛИ КАНЦЕРОГЕНЕЗА?]

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common causes of death from cancer and is the final stage of chronic liver disease, usually occurring in patients with cirrhosis (CP). Chronic infection with hepatitis C virus (HCV) leads to progressive liver inflammation and cirrhosis because this virus specifically affects liver tissue. Previously used interferon therapy had a relatively low efficiency and very high risks of side effects. during the period of administration of interferon (iFn) schemes it was proved that elimination of the virus significantly reduced risk of liver cancer development. discovery of direct-acting antiviral (daa) drugs have revolutionized HCV therapy with virus elimination rate of more than 95 % and an excellent safety profile. However, the risk of transformation of liver cirrhosis into hepatocellular carcinoma is still high even after complete eradication of the virus. numerous studies have shown conflicting results on the possible relationship between the use of new antiviral drugs and the increase in the frequency of newly diagnosed or recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma. thus, the long-term prognosis in terms of risk for HCC development among patients with sustained virological response (sVR) remains unclear. The purpose of the study was to analyze the literature on the effect of antiviral therapy of chronic hepatitis C with interferon-containing regimens and drugs of direct antiviral action on the risk of developing or recurring hepatocellular carcinoma. Material and Methods: We analyzed publications available from PubMed, scopus, e-library, Web of science using the key words “hepatocellular carcinoma”, “chronic hepatitis C”, “direct-acting antiviral drugs”, “liver cirrhosis”, “interferons”, and “sustained virological response”. Of the 99 studies found, 21 were used to write a systematic review. Results: Eradication of the virus reduces the risks of HCC. despite reports on high risk of occurrence or recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with cirrhosis after treatment with daas compared with interferon-containing regimens, there is not enough data confirming the direct link between the use of daas and the development of hepatocellular carcinoma. no statistically significant difference in the frequency of HCC between patients treated with interferon or daas was detected. Conclusion: Eradication of the virus is the most significant factor in the prevention of HCC; therefore, treatment of CHC should not be delayed due to the risk of HCC. Patients with liver cirrhosis require a long period of follow-up, even after successful treatment of chronic hepatitis C with daa drugs. stratification of HCC risk requires further research. © 2019 Tomsk National Research Medical Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved

Influenza Vaccination in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus Type 1

This study assessed influenza vaccination coverage in children with diabetes mellitus type 1 in various epidemiological periods. Data were delivered from vaccination histories of 325 patients aged 7–18 years for a period of 2007–2012. Children with type 1 diabetes mellitus (125 patients — the study group) showed a lower influenza vaccination coverage compared with controls (myopia, obesity, short stature) in all seasons. However, the greatest difference was observed in 2007 (10.3 and 22.8 %, respectively; p = 0.028) and in 2009. Vaccination coverage against influenza using trivalent vaccine in children with diabetes mellitus was highest in the pandemic 2009 (21.8 %), while only 3.0 % were immunized against influenza A/H1N1. In the post-pandemic period (2011) in both compared groups vaccination coverage was lowest (7.5 and 11.3 %, respectively; p > 0.05). It should be noted that vaccination coverage using trivalent vaccine in 2009 was significantly higher in patients with diabetic complications compared with diabetic patients without complications (31.7 versus 7.3 %; p = 0.008). Pediatricians and endocrinologists should unite efforts to increase vaccination coverage against influenza

Complex approach to the prevention and treatment of progressive myopia in school children

Tarutta E.P., Iomdina E.N., Tarasova N.A., Markosyan G.A., Maksimova M.V. Moscow Research Institute of Eye Diseases named after Helmholtz Effective prevention of progressive myopia as a multifactorial ophthalmopathology requires a comprehensive approach, including various methods of targeted optical correction, functional stress and drug therapy. The review presents local and systemic drug support, improving the performance of the ciliary muscle and hemodynamics of the myopic eye, which have antioxidant and vasoconstrictor effects. The modern methods of targeted optical correction with the use of spectacles (with the creation of low-myopic defocus in the center and on the periphery of the retina), optical reflex methods, training exercises for ciliary muscle, various physical and hardware methods for affecting the motor and sensory components of the accommodation disorders of the myopic eye are described. The expediency of general physical activity, exercises and sports especially in the fresh air, but with the certain limitations associated with the individual state of the organ of vision, is shown. Modern approaches and the basic standards of complex treatment are reflected in the Federal recommendations «Clinical recommendation. Myopia «, available at http://avo-portal.ru. With the appointment of an adequate treatment complex, an individual approach is needed that takes into account the child’s health and the functional features of his organ of vision, which will stop the progression of myopia and prevent the development of irreversible pathological changes in the fundus of myopic genesis. Key words: myopia, functional treatment, anthocyanosides, accommodation, prophylaxis. For citation: Tarutta E.P., Iomdina E.N., Tarasova N.A. et al. Complex approach to the prevention and treatment of progressive myopia in school children. RMJ “Clinical ophthalmology”. 2018;2:70–76.<br

Exosomal and non-exosomal mirna expression levels in patients with hcv-related cirrhosis and liver cancer

Patients with HCV-related cirrhosis are at risk for liver cancer development. For these patients miRNAs may serve as preclinical markers, which expression levels are deregulated in cancer and which are stable to the damaging factors partly through complex formation with proteins or packaging into exosomes. In this research we have tried to identify what miRNA fraction in plasma - exosomal or not packed into exosomes (non-exosomal) - is stronger associated with primary liver cancer. The second question was whether saliva miRNA expression levels - both exosomal and non-exosomal - are associated with primary liver cancer. We evaluated exosomal and non-exosomal miRNAs - let-7a-5p, -16-5p, -18a-5p, -21-5p, -22-3p, -34a-5p, -103a-3p, -122-5p, -221-3p, -222-3p - in plasma and saliva of patients with HCV-related liver cirrhosis (n = 24), primary liver cancer (n = 24) and healthy volunteers (n = 21). Relative expression level was calculated with normalization of exosomal miRNA to exosomal miRNA-16-5p, non-exosomal miRNA to non-exosomal miRNA- 16-5p and as a ratio of exosomal miRNA to non-exosomal miRNA. In this study, non-exosomal miRNAs (let-7a, miRNA-21-5p, -22-3p, -103a, -122-5p, -221-3p and 222-3p) normalized to non-exosomal miRNA-16-5p showed strong association with liver cancer in plasma. Three miRNAs, those with the mostly pronounced change of expression levels in plasma, - miRNA-21-5p, 122-5p, 221-3p - were detected in saliva. In contrast, exosomal miRNAs show stronger association with primary liver over non-exosomal miRNAs when working with saliva. Thus, depending on the examined biological material both miRNA fractions may serve as a valuable source for diagnostic and prognostic data. © 2021 Petkevich et al

Evaluation of the effectiveness of ultrasound shear elastography and liver steatometry [Оценка эффективности ультразвуковой сдвиговой эластометрии и стеатометрии печени]

Detection of liver fibrosis and steatosis at early stages is a difficult task for clinical practice, due to the lack of early signs in routine radiation diagnostics. Aim. To evaluate the efficacy of ultrasound shear elastography and ultrasound steatometry of the liver with the use of domestic ultrasonic diagnostic system Angiodin-Sono/N-Ultra. Materials and methods. 264 people held ultrasound elastography and ultrasound steatometry. 38 patients underwent percutaneous puncture liver biopsy and subsequent pathophysiological examination. results. High correlation of fibrosis obtained at the Angiodin-Sono/N-Ultra and the leading ultrasonic systems with shear elastography was revealed. Cross-sectional comparative analysis of elasticity with the results of liver steatometry was conducted. conclusions. Results obtained in all groups correlate with the data obtained in studies on Fibroscan. When working with system Angiodin we got a simultaneous comparative analysis of elasticity with the results of liver steatosis. Results appear to be much more stable and compact than those obtained in studies on the Fibroscan. A new diagnostic criterion was revealed - the phenomenon of independence of fibrosis and steatosis indices. © 2020 Consilium Medikum. All rights reserved

Mineralogical and isotope-geochemical (δ¹³C, δ³⁴S and Pb-Pb) characteristics of the Krasniy gold mine (Baikal-Patom Highlands): Constraining ore-forming mechanisms and the model for Sukhoi Log-type deposits

© 2020 Elsevier B.V. Orogenic gold deposits localized in carbonaceous sedimentary (black-shale) complexes are major contributors to worldwide balance of gold extracted from the crust, though there is a limited consensus about the role of host sedimentary rocks, involvement of external (i.e., magma-derived) fluids and brittle deformations into ore remobilization and transport. This paper presents the original results of mineralogical, petrographic and isotope-geochemical studies of rocks and ores from the large Krasniy gold deposit (Baikal-Patom plateau, southern Siberian craton) given in comparison with the thoroughly studied giant Sukhoi Log deposit, with both deposits hosted by the Neoproterozoic carbonaceous metasedimentary rocks. The multi-stage ore process occurred discretely at 200–400 °C (greenschist-facies metamorphism) and included (1) low-P-T diagenetic formation of globular pyrite, (2) catagenetic (<200 °C, 1–2 kbar) formation of small euhedral pyrite, (3) high-temperature and high-pressure (300–380 °C, 5–6 kbar) crystallization of arsenopyrite and pyrrhotite related to metamorphic transformation, and (4) formation of the major ore assemblage (arsenopyrite, pyrrhotite, pyrite meta-aggregates, native gold, galenite, sphalerite, fahl ores) during almost isothermal decompression (270–320 °C, 0.5 kbar). Gold is detected as nanoparticles unevenly distributed at the surface of the early globular pyrite (up to 0.4 ppm) and occurs as inclusions in later metamorphic pyrite. Relatively narrow ranges of sulfur (δ34S within −4.7 – −6.9‰) and lead isotopic composition (206Pb/204Pb = 18.33–18.65, 207Pb/204Pb = 15.65–15.68 and 208Pb/204Pb = 38.13–38.82) in sulfides from the ores was continuously inherited from earlier generation of sulfides to the later (associate with native gold) and is similar to the values obtained for sulfides from the host Neoproterozoic metasedimentary rocks of the Aunakit formation. The compositional inheritance together with geochemical evidence of no additional contribution of К, Na, Mg and Si into the ores and no correlation between gold and organic carbon content highlight the absence of the external metasomatic overprint of metal-bearing fluids. Instead, both the above facts and high Au content (up to 1 ppm) in bitumens derived from the host metasediments indicate a key role of the host carbonaceous substrate in the supply of metals through release and local transport of Internally derived diagenetic/catagenetic carbon-rich fluids. Overall, the obtained results for the Krasniy deposit led to distinguishing the three key stages of the gold deposit formation, including 1) sedimentation of gold-specialized sediments in the spreading of the back-arc basin, where gold was associated with the scattered diagenetic pyrite mineralization (610–590 Ma), 2) catagenetic redistribution of sedimentary pore fluids from preconditioned sedimentary rocks into the vaulted parts of gentle anticlines with the formation of abnormally high concentrations of gold (~570 Ma), and 3) metamorphic-metasomatic redistribution of gold as a result of decarbonization of catagenic fluid with the formation of economically significant ore bodies (450–420 Ma). The compilation of the available geochemical and isotopic data allows to suspect this model as a general for the other Bodaibo region deposits, so that it can be used further for prediction and exploration purposes