The Role of Disgust in Male Sexual Decision-Making

Sexual arousal is known to increase risky behaviors, such as having unprotected sex. This may in part relate to the emotion of disgust, which normally serves a disease avoidant function, and is suppressed by sexual arousal. In this report we examine disgust's role in sexual decision-making. Male participants received two study packets that were to be completed at home across two different time-points. Participants were asked to complete one packet in a sexually aroused state and the other in a non-aroused state. Participants were asked to rate: (1) arousal, (2) disgust, (3) willingness for sex, and (4) disease risk toward a range of female targets, which varied in level of potential disease risk (sex-worker vs. non sex-worker) and attractiveness. A measure of trait disgust was also included along with other related scales. Sexual arousal was associated with reduced disgust and reduced judgments of disease risk for all targets—these latter two variables being correlated—and with enhanced willingness to have sex with all of the depicted persons. Willingness to have sex when aroused (in contrast to non-aroused) was predicted by disease risk judgments and trait disgust, suggesting both direct (state) and indirect (trait) effects of disgust on sexual decision-making

Assessing the content validity of the revised Health of the Nation Outcome Scales (HoNOS 2018)

The Health of the Nation Outcome Scales (HoNOS) comprises 12 scales that cover the kinds of problems that may be experienced by working-age adults in contact with specialised mental health services. Drawing on 20 years’ experience in clinical practice, a collaborative, international review of the HoNOS was undertaken and a revised measure (known as the HoNOS 2018) was published. In this study, 32 experts from Australia, England and New Zealand completed an anonymous web-based survey to assess the relevance, comprehensiveness and comprehensibility (aspects of content validity) of the HoNOS 2018. The experts rated 11 of the 12 HoNOS 2018 scales as ‘important’ or ‘very important’ for determining the overall clinical severity (item-level content validity index or I-CVI ≥ 0.75). Evaluations of the scales’ ability to capture change, comprehensiveness and comprehensibility were more variable, but generally positive. Experts’ comments provided further insights into this variability; for example, they noted that some scales combine multiple phenomena, which can result in ambiguity in item wording and assessment challenges. Results from this study suggest that the revisions have not altered the importance of the scales. Given the measure’s breadth of content, training remains important for ensuring rating fidelity. Inter-rater reliability and utility testing are indicated

Assessing the content validity of the revised Health of the Nation Outcome Scales 65+: the HoNOS Older Adults

Aims and method: Recently, the Health of the Nation Outcome Scales (HoNOS) 65+ was revised. Twenty-five experts from Australia and New Zealand completed an anonymous web-based survey about the content validity of the revised measure, the HoNOS Older Adults (HoNOS OA). Results: All 12 HoNOS OA scales were rated by most (≥75%) experts as ‘important’ or ‘very important’ for determining overall clinical severity among older adults. Ratings of sensitivity to change, comprehensibility and comprehensiveness were more variable, but mostly positive. Experts’ comments provided possible explanations. For example, some experts suggested that additional older adult-specific examples be included in the glossary (e.g., for scales measuring depressed mood, problems with relationships, and problems with activities of daily living). Clinical implications: Experts agreed that the HoNOS OA measures important constructs. Training may be needed to orient experienced raters to the rationale for some revisions. Further psychometric testing of the HoNOS OA is recommended

Is obesity treated like a contagious disease?

The behavioral avoidance of people with obesity is well documented, but its psychological basis is poorly understood. Based upon a disease avoidance account of stigmatization, we tested whether a person with obesity triggers equivalent self-reported emotional and avoidant-based responses as a contagious disease (i.e., influenza). Two hundred and sixty-four participants rated images depicting real disease signs (i.e., person with influenza), false alarms (i.e., person with obesity), person with facial bruising (i.e., negative control), and a healthy control for induced emotion and willingness for contact along increasing levels of physical proximity. Consistent with our prediction, as the prospect for contact became more intimate, self-reported avoidance was equivalent in the influenza and obese target conditions, with both significantly exceeding reactions to the negative and healthy controls. In addition, participants reported greatest levels of disgust toward the obese and influenza target conditions. These results are consistent with an evolved predisposition to avoid individuals with disease signs. Implicit avoidance occurs even when participants know explicitly that such signs-here, obese body form-result from a noncontagious condition. Our findings provide important evidence for a disease avoidance explanation of the stigmatization of people with obesity

Age-related disgust responses to signs of disease

Previous studies found similarities in adults’ disgust responses to benign (e.g. obesity) and actual disease signs (e.g. influenza). However, limited research has compared visual (i.e. benign and actual) to cognitive (i.e. disease label) disease cues in different age groups. The current study investigated disgust responses across middle childhood (7–9 years), late childhood (10–12 years), adolescence (13–17 years), and adulthood (18+ years). Participants viewed individuals representing a benign visual disease (obese), sick-looking (staphylococcus), sick-label (cold/flu), and healthy condition. Disgust-related outcomes were: (1) avoidance, or contact level with apparel the individual was said to have worn, (2) disgust facial reactions, and (3) a combination of (1) and (2). Avoidance was greater for the sick-looking and sick-label than the healthy and obese conditions. For facial reaction and combination outcomes, middle childhood participants responded with greater disgust to the sick-looking than the healthy condition, while late childhood participants expressed stronger disgust towards the sick-looking and obese conditions than the healthy condition. Adolescents and adults exhibited stronger disgust towards sick-label and sick-looking than obese and healthy conditions. Results suggest visual cues are central to children’s disgust responses whereas adolescents and adult responses considered cognitive cues.</p

Decisional Regret in Long-Term Australian Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Survivors: A Cross-Sectional Survey

Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) is an intensive but effective treatment for malignant and non-malignant diseases. However, long-term survival often comes at a cost, with survivors experiencing chronic morbidity and are at risk of relapse and secondary malignancy. This study aimed to describe decisional regret in a large cohort of Australian long-term allo-HSCT survivors. A cross-sectional survey was conducted with 441 adults in New South Wales, assessing quality of life (QoL), psychological, social, demographic, and clinical variables. Less than 10% of survivors expressed regret, with chronic graft-versus-host disease being the most important clinical factor. Psycho-socioeconomic factors such as depression, lower QoL scores, lower household income, higher treatment burden, and not resuming sex post-HSCT were also associated with regret. Findings highlight the need for valid informed consent and ongoing follow-up and support for allo-HSCT survivors dealing with life post-transplant. Nurses and healthcare professionals play a critical role in addressing decisional regret in these patients